DPBioY2 - 2020 - 6.6 & 11.4 Hormones, homeostasis and sexual reproduction
DPBioY2 - 2020 - 6.6 & 11.4 Hormones, homeostasis and sexual reproduction
2 marks for your questions
3 marks for your reply
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2 marks for submitting on time
1. How specifically does throxin control metabolic rates in organisms?
ReplyDelete2. How does diabetes impact glucagon secretion and why are diabetics highly susceptible to hypoglycemia?
3. What is the difference between ovulation and oogenesis in terms of location and the stages?
To answer your 3rd question
DeleteOogenesis is the process by which ova or the female gamete is formed. This occurs in the outermost layers of the ovaries. The process starts inside the fetus before birth with a germ cell called oogonium and undergoes mitosis to increase in number until the primary oocytes are developed. Primary oocytes do not divide further and either become secondary oocytes or degenerate. Secondary oocytes further divide meiotically until it is developed in the ovum.
The ovulation process is part of the menstrual cycle. An egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube for fertilization. If the egg is fertilized then it travels to the uterus and implants to develop into a pregnancy. If the egg isn't fertilized then it disintegrates and the uterine lining is shed during menstruation.
https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/give-one-significant-difference-between-class-12-biology-cbse-5f49cd8b46779f7310e87aaf#:~:text=Oogenesis%20is%20a%20process%20by%20which%20ova%20or%20female%20gamete%20is%20formed.&text=So%2C%20we%20can%20say%20that,the%20fallopian%20tube%20during%20menstruation.
To answer your 2nd question in type 1 diabetes, high levels of insulin can inhibit the secretion of glucagon. Diabetics are more susceptible to hypoglycemia because insulin lowers blood sugar levels when blood sugar is too high. People with type 1 or 2 diabetes and require the use of insulin to control their blood sugar, by taking more insulin than needed it can cause blood sugar levels to drop too low which can lead to hypoglycemia. Overall, diabetics are more prone to hypoglycemia since they are unable to properly regulate the insulin inside their bodies.
Deletehttps://www.diabetes.co.uk/body/glucagon.html#:~:text=Glucagon%20in%20diabetes&text=In%20type%201%20diabetes%2C%20high,glucagon%20in%20response%20to%20hypoglycemia.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-hypoglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20371525
In regards to your first question, here is a resource I found with a lot of information: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4044302/
DeleteTo add onto Claire's response,
DeleteThis part of the abstract made the most sense to me:
"TR regulates cholesterol and carbohydrate metabolism through direct actions on gene expression as well as cross-talk with other nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), liver X receptor (LXR), and bile acid signaling pathways. TH modulates hepatic insulin sensitivity, especially important for the suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. "
1. Can you take thyroxin in a medicated form like melatonin and adjust your metabolism?
ReplyDelete2. What exactly does testicular cancer do and effect?
3. Do those with insomnia have a melatonin deficiency?
For your last question,
DeleteYes, melatonin deficiency does lead to insomnia and can be treated by taking melatonin supplements.
https://www.perpetualwellbeing.com.au/sleep-insomnia-test/
To answer your first question, there is Synthroid which is a prescription medication used to treat people with hypothyroidism and certain types of thyroid cancer. People with hypothyroidism, their body isn’t making enough thyroid hormones which affect your metabolism. Synthroid will increases the body’s thyroid levels back to a normal in order to regulate metabolism.
Deletehttps://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/synthroid#about
In regards to your second question,
DeleteBy "do" if you mean symptoms here is what I found,
"-A lump or enlargement in either testicle
-A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
-A dull ache in the abdomen or groin
-A sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum
-Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum
-Enlargement or tenderness of the breasts
-Back pain"
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/symptoms-causes/syc-20352986
How did scientists discover the specific times of the circadian rhythm?
ReplyDeleteDo all animals have a circadian rhythm?
What is the job of the hypothalamus?
How did Aristotle come up with his theory on reproduction?
For your third question, the hypothalamus’ main job is to ensure homeostasis in the body as much as possible. It also acts as the connector between the endocrine and nervous systems to ensure homeostasis is maintained
Deletehttps://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/312628#function
To answer your 1st question,
DeleteIn the 18th century an astronomer by the name of Jean Jacques d'Ortuous de Marian noted his plants opening and closing their leaves with the cycle of light and dark, with the leaves opening towards the sun. Being an inquisitive chap, he placed the plants in constant darkness and observed that the daily opening and closing of the leaves continued even in the absence of sunlight – indicative of an internal clock.
More information can be found here:
https://theconversation.com/circadian-rhythm-nobel-what-they-discovered-and-why-it-matters-85072
To answer your second question,
DeleteAll living things have a circadian rhythm. This is actually one of the main characteristics every living thing shares.
Source:
https://aces.illinois.edu/news/circadian-rhythms-influence-animal-behavior#:~:text=The%20presence%20of%20internal%20biological,to%20fruit%20flies%20to%20humans.
In regards to your fourth question, here is a resource I found explaining it in depth: https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/aristotle-384-322-bce
Delete1.What is happening with the negative and positive feedback in the menstrual cycle?
ReplyDelete2. What happens to the follicle cells during puberty in girls? What happens in the rest of the oogensis process?
To answer your 1st question,
DeleteFollicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is secreted from the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of ovarian follicles. The dominant follicle produces estrogen, which inhibits FSH secretion (negative feedback) to prevent other follicles growing. Estrogen acts on the uterus to stimulate the thickening of the endometrial layer
Midway through the cycle (~ day 12), estrogen stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete hormones (positive feedback). This positive feedback results in a large surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) and a lesser surge of FSH. LH causes the dominant follicle to rupture and release an egg (secondary oocyte) – this is called ovulation
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-6-human-physiology/66-hormones-homeostasis-and/menstrual-cycle.html
For your last question,
DeleteThe follicle will form and grow. In regards to oogenesis, I believe this quote summarizes it best, "The egg cell remains as a primary ovum until the time for its release from the ovary arrives. The egg then undergoes a cell division. The nucleus splits so that half of its chromosomes go to one cell and half to another. One of these two new cells is usually larger than the other and is known as the secondary ovum; the smaller cell is known as a polar body. The secondary ovum grows in the ovary until it reaches maturation; it then breaks loose and is carried into the fallopian tubes. Once in the fallopian tubes, the secondary egg cell is suitable for fertilization by the male sperm cells" (https://www.britannica.com/science/oogenesis)
https://www.ck12.org/section/female-reproductive-system-%3a%3aof%3a%3a-reproductive-system-and-human-development-%3a%3aof%3a%3a-ck-12-biology-i-honors-ca-dti3/
1. How does melatonin control circadian rhythms (chemically)?
ReplyDelete2. What exactly is meant by positive and negative feedback? What is it?
3. How does the placenta allow for the exchange of nutrients between the mother and embryo?
To answer your third question,
DeleteThe placenta is made of blood vessels from the baby and mother and because those blood vessels are so close together substances can go in and out of the blood vessels between the fetus and mother.
Source: https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-flexbook-2.0/section/13.68/primary/lesson/fetal-development-and-the-placenta-bio
In regards to your first question, here is a resource better explaining melatonin and how it works: https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/melatonin-what-you-need-to-know
DeleteFor your first question,
DeleteStarting in the eye's retina, exposure to light results in signals being relayed from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain. From the suprachiasmatic nucleus, signals are then broadcasted to other parts of the brain which control hormones and body temperature. This signal continues to travel down throughout the spinal cord and back up to the pineal gland where melatonin production takes place. These signals actually block melatonin production when recepted by the pineal gland. Thus, when exposed to light, melatonin production slows significantly. However, when light is absent the subsequent signals are also absent and thus the pineal gland blocking system is no longer effective thus promoting melatonin production. Melatonin is the hormone associated with making us feel drowsy and acts upon the Reticular Activating System (RAS) which controls our consciousness.
https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/past-issues/archive-2014-2015/the-science-of-sleep.html
For your 2nd question,
DeleteFeedback inhibition refers to the end product of a metabolic pathway acting on the key enzyme regulating entry of that pathway to start with. In negative feedback, the effector binds to the allosteric site of the enzyme which deactivates the enzyme. In positive feedback, the effector molecule binds tot he enzyme, which activates the enzyme.
https://aklectures.com/lecture/enzymes/allosteric-regulation-of-enzymes#:~:text=One%20of%20these%20is%20negative,enzyme%2C%20which%20activates%20the%20enzyme.
1. Can someone concisely explain positive and negative feedback?
ReplyDelete2. How are synthetic hormones like progestin made? How does their function compare to progesterone?
For your 1st question:
DeleteFeedback inhibition refers to the end product of a metabolic pathway acting on the key enzyme regulating entry of that pathway to start with. In negative feedback, the effector binds to the allosteric site of the enzyme which deactivates the enzyme. In positive feedback, the effector molecule binds tot he enzyme, which activates the enzyme.
https://aklectures.com/lecture/enzymes/allosteric-regulation-of-enzymes#:~:text=One%20of%20these%20is%20negative,enzyme%2C%20which%20activates%20the%20enzyme.
To answer your second question
DeleteI found some information on the history and how the discovered synthetic progesterone. They started by finding it in plants and trying to give it to women that way but it was very painful. They eventually found another way to create the hormone and put it in a drug. Here is the website: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-development-synthetic-hormones/
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteTo answer your first question,
ReplyDeleteThis was actually very interesting, so apart of when melatonin is released or not is when our retina is exposed to light. In the brain there is a part called the suprachiasmatic nucleus that has to do with telling our body whether it needs to be awake or asleep. It does this when it receives a signal from the retina whether there is light or no light and then a signal from there is sent to the pineal gland. If there is light, it will recieve the signal not to secrete melatonin but if there is no light it will get the signal to secrete melatonin.
The melatonin in the pineal gland is created from trypotophan coming into the pineal gland from the blood stream where it then is synthesized.
An important enzyme that is used in this process is called SNAT(serotonin-N-acetyltransferase). SNAT controls how much melatonin is going to be produced. At night the melatonin levels are higher because at night SNAT has an extra phosphate group.
Here is the website I used for in depth details and information. It explains it very well: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/past-issues/archive-2014-2015/the-science-of-sleep.html
^This was an answer Melissas 1st question.
Delete1. What processes of osmoregulation occur in the germinal epithelium?
ReplyDelete2. What exactly happens when the spermatid and the Sertali cells interact?
3. What sperm membrane proteins bind to the egg membrane to cause the fusion?
To answer your third question, Despite its importance, only three proteins are known to be indispensable for sperm-egg membrane fusion: the sperm proteins IZUMO1 and SPACA6, and the egg protein JUNO.
DeleteTo try to answer part of your second question, Spermatids are major regulators of Sertoli cell function. Specific anatomical structures exist between spermatids and Sertoli cells. Their nature evolves during spermiogenesis and they are essential mediators in the interaction between these two cell types.
Delete1) How is progesterone manufactured?
ReplyDelete2) What are the stages of oogenesis? and Which is the longest phase in Oogenesis?
3) Why is melatonin bad for autoimmune disease?
To answer your first question, Progesterone is mainly produced by a specific part of your ovary called the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum develops from the follicle that releases an egg at ovulation. After ovulation, the corpus luteum ramps up its progesterone production.
Delete