DPBioY2 - 2020 - 6.4 Gas exchange
DPBioY2 - 2020 - 6.4 Gas exchange
2 marks for your questions
3 marks for your reply
3 marks for your reply
2 marks for submitting on time
DPBioY2 - 2020 - 9.3 Plant Growth
DPBioY2 - 9.3 Plant Growth 2 marks for your questions 3 marks for your reply 2 marks for submitting by July 16th, 2020
1.How does the pressure in the lungs drop during ventilation?
ReplyDelete2. Does anything in the ventilation process change when someone is working out?
3. Is it possible for someone to have bigger lungs then another person? If so, how does the affect the ventilation process?
4. Does high altitude change the process of gas exchange in our lungs? If so, how?
^Joelle Zipp
Delete4. For your 4th question,
DeleteAtmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes, meaning a greater increase in chest volume is required before a pressure differential is formed – making it harder to breathe at high altitudes. The body will adapt mechanisms to improve oxygen uptake under these conditions, which is why athletes will often undertake high altitude training prior to competitions. Additionally, because more energy is required to breath, more carbon dioxide will be produced as a waste product. Carbon dioxide is stored as bicarbonate in the blood stream (HC03) and thus the body will enter into respiratory acidosis. However, eventual adaption will occur.
To answer your second question, ventilation does increase during exercise, normally ventilation increases in response to the amount of oxygen that is getting used and amount of carbon dioxide being created per minute when working out.
Deletehttps://darylconant.com/2012/04/a-brief-discussion-on-minute-ventilation#:~:text=Minute%20ventilation%20increases%20during%20exercise,per%20minute%20by%20working%20muscles.
For your 1st question,
DeleteDuring inhalation, the inter coastal muscles contract and the diaphragm relaxes. This minimizes the amount of volume in the plural cavity, thus creating a negative pressure with the existing muscles. The atmospheric pressure is significantly higher and thus air will rush into the lungs to fulfill the pressure gradient.
Question 3,
DeleteYes it is possible to have bigger lungs than another person. Men's lungs are larger than women's, and height is also a factor of lung size. Taller people have larger lungs. Interestingly, double lung transplant recipients that got larger lungs compared to their original lungs had a 30% increased chance of not dying in the first year of their surgery.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130801095507.htm#:~:text=Lung%20size%20can%20be%20estimated,woman's%20of%20the%20same%20height.&text=%22Fears%20of%20oversized%20lungs%20appear%20to%20be%20unfounded.
1. Are there artificial lungs on the market currently that can supplement natural lungs?
ReplyDelete2. Is lung tissue and pneumocytes regenerative?
3. Can the body utilize the oxygen in water molecules for cellular respiration outside of lung function?
Joelle Zipp: To answer your first question, there is not a good and reliable artificial lung that can be put into humans and take the place of the natural lung. The source I found says that they are working towards that type of medical technology and being able to engineer something like an artificial lung.
DeleteHowever they have created a device that is called ECMO, where it puts oxygen in the blood and puts the blood back into the body acting as a lung.
Here are the sources I found:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aor.13801#:~:text=Several%20programs%20have%20developed%20ambulatory,in%20high%E2%80%90risk%20nonbridged%20patients.
https://ukhealthcare.uky.edu/gill-heart-vascular-institute/services/heart-failure/ecmo
To answer your second question, it can take a long time for lung tissue to regenerate and to renew depending on the damage that was caused. However, recent studies have been looking into utilizing stem cells in order to help with lung tissue regeneration.
DeleteThe first link is about a new stem cell that was identified and the second link is a study looking at using Pulmonary stem cells and tissue induction to treat emphysema
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/new-stem-cell-identified-lung-tissue-regeneration
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695612/
3rd question,
DeleteThere was a study by the name "Effect of administration of water enriched in O2 by injection or electrolysis on transcutaneous oxygen pressure in anesthetized pigs", which was that enriched water with oxygen by electrolysis then injected anesthetized pigs with it for the independent group. The control group was injecting the pigs with mineral water. They compared tissue oxygenation from the two groups by using TcPO2 test (transcutaneous oximetry) that measures the oxygen level under the skin. The results were that after 60 minutes oxygen levels slowly decreased, but the pigs injected with the O2 water had significantly higher oxygen levels. "In this protocol, water enriched in O2 by electrolysis lessened the decline of peripheral tissue oxygenation." "Potential applications of O2-enriched water include an alternate method of oxygen supply."
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4154880/#:~:text=Oral%20administration%20of%20oxygenated%20water,oxygen%20(O2)%20supply.
1) How long does it take for lung tissue to regenerate?
ReplyDelete2) How does pneumothorax affect the respiratory system?
3) Why does ventilation rate increase with exercise? and what health benefits can this bring if any?
To answer your second question, pneumothorax happens when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall, as a result of this pneumothorax can cause complete lung collapse or a collapse of only a portion of the lung.
Deletehttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumothorax/symptoms-causes/syc-20350367#:~:text=A%20pneumothorax%20occurs%20when%20air,a%20portion%20of%20the%20lung.
Joelle Zipp: To answer your first question, I found a source that says it can take the lungs up to sixth months to recover. Source: https://www.fightaging.org/archives/2014/11/the-lung-can-regenerate/#:~:text=However%2C%20it%20is%20clinically%20known,pulmonary%20function%20within%20six%20months.
DeleteTo answer your last question,
DeleteExercise results in an increased demand for ATP and energy to facilitate muscle operations. Oxygen is necessary for aerobic respiration as it plays a key role in the Electron Transport Chain. Thus, the rate of ventilation is increased to compensate for an increased demand of oxygen. Also, more carbon dioxide waste is being produced due to more cellular respiration, and this must be exhaled.
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Delete1. What is the cause of emphysema?
ReplyDelete2. Does the Diaphragm have any other roles apart from breathing?
3. What is an unhealthy ventilation rate?
To answer your 3rd question,
Delete"A respiration rate under 12 or over 25 breaths per minute while resting is considered abnormal."
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/10881-vital-signs#:~:text=A%20respiration%20rate%20under%2012,of%20narcotics%20or%20drug%20overdose.
For your first question,
DeleteThe causes of emphysema are because of pollution/irritants introduced in the lungs. Examples include tobacco, marijuana fumes, etc. Sometimes it can be caused because the body lacks a certain protein.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/symptoms-causes/syc-20355555
2nd Question,
DeleteThe non-respiratory function of the diaphragm increases abdominal pressure so it can help the body push out vomit, feces, and urine. It prevents acid reflux by placing pressure on the esophagus.
https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/diaphragm#anatomy-and-function
1. When hiccups occur, what exactly is happening to the diaphragm and your lungs?
ReplyDelete2. Is there anything physiologically different in an asthmatic's respiratory system?
3. How does pneumonia occur and was exactly is happening in your lungs?
For your first question,
DeleteHiccups happen contract/spasm, creating a shaking sensation in the muscles around them. This force makes you swallow air and go past the voice box, making the hiccup noise.
https://www.healthline.com/health/why-do-we-hiccup
to answer the third question pneumonia occurs whrn bacteria, viruses or fungi get in the lungs and cause an infection in the alveoli and they become inflamed and fill up with fluid. Kinda like what happens with a normal infection
Deletehttps://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/learn-about-pneumonia#:~:text=Pneumonia%20is%20an%20infection%20of,to%20get%20into%20your%20bloodstream.
To try to answer some of your second question, During an asthma attack, also called an asthma exacerbation, the airways become swollen and inflamed. The muscles around the airways contract and the airways produce extra mucus, causing the breathing (bronchial) tubes to narrow. During an attack, you may cough, wheeze and have trouble breathing
DeleteHow were the different types of pneumocytes discovered?
ReplyDeleteWhat happens after the oxygen enters the alveoli?
Does carbon dioxide leave the bod via the opposite process?
How does carbon dioxide flow to the lungs?
to answer the second question the process is diffusion and the oxygen will move from the alvoli to the blood stream though capillaries. Once in the blood it gets picked up by hemoglobin
DeleteTo answer your 4th question,
DeleteWhen oxygen passes into the bloodstream, carbon dioxide leaves it. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a waste product of cellular metabolism. You get rid of it when you breathe out (exhale). This gas is transported in the opposite direction to oxygen: It passes from the bloodstream – across the lining of the air sacs – into the lungs and out into the open.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK401240/#:~:text=Carbon%20dioxide%20(CO2)%20is%20a,and%20out%20into%20the%20open.
In regards to your first question, the two types of pneumocyte cells look slightly different under the microscope so I would assume they were discovered through an analysis of lung tissue under a microscope.
Delete1. Do all animals inhale oxygen and release carbon dioxide?
ReplyDelete2. Is the respiratory system of land animals the same?
3. How does asthma affect the lungs/respiratory system? (why does it become difficult to breath )
For your first question,
DeleteYes all animals inhale oxygen and release carbon dioxide. However, scientists have just found the first animal that is an exception to this fact, called Henneguya salminicola.
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/only-known-animal-doesn-t-need-oxygen-survive
to answer the second question yes it is pretty much the same system for land animals
DeleteJoelle Zipp: To answer your third question, asthma causes inflammation in the lungs. The muscles near your lungs swell and press on the airways making it harder to breath. Here is the source I used: https://community.aafa.org/blog/what-happens-in-your-airways-when-you-have-asthma
Delete1. What happens to the alveoli when you hold your breath?
ReplyDelete2. Can you get cancer in your alveoli? What happens if you do?
3. How are whales and dolphins able to hold their breath for so long, is it just lung capacity or does it have something to do with alveoli and the diaphragm?
To answer your 2nd question,
DeleteLung cancer can develop anywhere in the bronchi, bronchioles, or alveoli. Adenocarcinoma is specific to the alveoli. Lung adenocarcinoma starts in glandular cells, which secrete substances such as mucus, and tends to develop in smaller airways, such as alveoli. Lung adenocarcinoma is usually located more along the outer edges of the lungs. Lung adenocarcinoma tends to grow more slowly than other lung cancers. Lung adenocarcinoma accounts for 40% of all lung cancers. It is found more often in women. Younger people (aged 20-46) who have lung cancer are more likely to have lung adenocarcinoma than other lung cancers. Most lung cancers in people who have never smoked are adenocarcinomas.
The most common symptoms of lung cancer include:
- A cough that does not go away or gets worse
- Coughing up blood or red phlegm
- Difficulty breathing
- Chest pain, which can be worsened by deep breathing, coughing, or laughing
- Hoarseness when speaking
https://www.foxchase.org/clinical-care/conditions/lung-cancer/about-lung-cancer
https://lungevity.org/for-patients-caregivers/lung-cancer-101/types-of-lung-cancer/lung-adenocarcinoma#:~:text=Lung%20adenocarcinoma%20is%20a%20subtype,smaller%20airways%2C%20such%20as%20alveoli.
https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/adenocarcinoma
To answer your third question, Whales' lungs have the ability to store oxygen in a special protein found in muscles called myoglobin. They also conserve energy underwater by slowing their heart rate and limiting blood supply to only a few organs.
DeleteTo try to answer your first question, I couldnt find anything about what happens to the alveoli specifically but when you hold your breath the ongoing accumulation of carbon dioxide in your cells, in your blood and lungs will eventually irritate and trigger impulses from the respiratory center part of your brain. Rising levels of carbon dioxide signal the body to breathe and ensure our unconscious and autonomous respiration.
Delete1. What is lower partial pressure and its role in the respiratory process?
ReplyDelete2. What components are in stale air, that the body doesn't need?
3. Why would the sides of the alveoli adhere to each other without surfactant?
4. What in the surfactant dissolves oxygen?
5. How does lung cancer cause chest pain?
In regards to your fourth question, I believe SP-B dissolves oxygen.
DeleteIn regards to your second question, stale air mostly just refers to air with high CO2 levels and low oxygen levels, which is practically useless to the body because it can extract very little oxygen.
Delete1. In detail, how does oxygen diffuse into the bloodstream from the lungs?
ReplyDelete2. In what ways specifically does smoking impact the health of the lungs?