DPBioY2 - 2020 - 6.2 The blood system
DPBioY2 - 2020 - 6.2 The blood system
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3 marks for your reply
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DPBioY2 - 2020 - 9.3 Plant Growth
DPBioY2 - 9.3 Plant Growth 2 marks for your questions 3 marks for your reply 2 marks for submitting by July 16th, 2020
1. How does the hormone epinephrine increase heart rate at the molecular level?
ReplyDelete2. Why does septicemia result in tachycardia?
3. Why does delivering an electrical shock treat ventricular fibrillation?
To answer your second question, tachycardia is a common feature of sepsis and usually indicates a systemic response to stress, cardiac output is increased and as a result so is the amount of oxygen delivered to tissues. Tachycardia can also indicate that there is a need for intravascular fluid repletion, however, due to sepsis an increased heart rate may continue despite adequate repletion of fluids.
Deletehttps://www.medscape.com/answers/168402-27362/how-do-tachycardia-and-tachypnea-manifest-in-sepsisseptic-shock#:~:text=Tachycardia%20is%20a%20common%20feature,delivery%20to%20tissues%2C%20is%20increased.
In regards to your first question, epinephrine must bond to some sort of receptor on the sinoatrial node, causing heart rate to increase. It is released as a response to physiological stressors that would require more rapid oxygen output in blood- like low blood pressure, low oxygen concentration, and low pH.
DeleteTo answer your third question, external electrical defibrillation remains the most successful treatment for ventricular fibrillation because the shock that is delivered to the heart both uniformly and simultaneously stops the uneven rhythm of the excited heart muscles (myocardium).
DeleteAre the cell membranes in the heart thicker or the same as other living cells?
ReplyDeleteHow does muscle contraction determine the rigidity of arteries?
How efficient have artificial hearts become?
How is pressure in the blood flow drop over time?
To answer your third question at the moment artificial hearts are still not intended for permanent usage but instead as an temporary alternative while patients wait for a permanent donor heart; which can take months. Technology surrounding artificial hearts has been around for a while but scientists are finally understanding more about which patients will benefit the most and how.
Deletehttps://news.vumc.org/2019/03/28/first-artificial-heart-patient-gets-permanent-replacement/
For your fourth question,
DeleteIn blood vessels, most of the resistance encountered during blood flow is due to vessel diameter. As vessels constrict and vessel diameter decrease, the resistance increases and thus blood flow decreases. Vessels constriction is due to multiple hormonal and lifestyle factors associated with age, diet, and smoking.
For your first question,
DeleteThe main muscular cells in the heart are cardiomyocytes. In terms of cell membrane, there is not many notable differences. The key difference in these cells is that these cells posses myofibrils, specialized organelles which have long chains of sarcomeres (contractile units of muscle cells). However, unlike multinucleated skeletal cells viewed in other muscles in the body, the majority of cardiomyocytes contain only one nucleolus.
https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/17%3A_Cardiovascular_System%3A_The_Heart/17.1%3A_The_Heart/17.1F%3A_Myocardial_Thickness_and_Function
For your second question,
DeleteThe idea of muscle contraction is mainly seen in veins. Arteries have three thickened layers of muscle and connective layers, while veins have three layers that are much more thin. This is because the a high pressure is excerpted through the artery to pump blood from the heart to necessary regions. On the other hand, veins, do not use the idea of a pulse and elastic energy storage. Instead move blood through muscle contraction. Therefore, the thickness and rigidity of the veins are much less to allow for muscle contraction to excerpt a notable force on the exterior to move blood through the vein. The overall pressure is much low in the vein to compensate for an increased rigidity to prevent aneurysms.
For your first question,
ReplyDeleteThe idea of muscle contraction is mainly seen in veins. Arteries have three thickened layers of muscle and connective layers, while veins have three layers that are much more thin. This is because the a high pressure is excerpted through the artery to pump blood from the heart to necessary regions. On the other hand, veins, do not use the idea of a pulse and elastic energy storage. Instead move blood through muscle contraction. Therefore, the thickness and rigidity of the veins are much less to allow for muscle contraction to excerpt a notable force on the exterior to move blood through the vein. The overall pressure is much low in the vein to compensate for an increased rigidity to prevent aneurysms.
1. Does an increased heart rate also lead to an increased blood pressure level?
ReplyDelete2. What factors affect the permeability of capillaries?
3. How are donor heats transported?
4. How/Why do bruises change color over time?
To answer number 4 This is caused by both low oxygen supplies and swelling at the bruising site. As a result, hemoglobin, which is typically red, begins a gradual change to blue. Slowly as it heals the more oxygen is getting to the area and more hemoglobin is breaking down it will change to green then yellow
Deletehttps://www.healthline.com/health/bruise-colors#:~:text=Within%20a%20day%20or%20so,the%20fifth%20day%20after%20injury.
For your second question,
DeleteBlood flow affects the permeability of capillaries. For more info, try this website https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4526869/.
To answer your 1st question,
DeleteAn increased heart rate does lead to an increase in blood pressure level.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491126/#:~:text=Hypertension%20is%20a%20common%20clinical,increased%20risk%20for%20cardiovascular%20disease.
To answer your third question, they have actually come up with a new way to transport the heart, that allows it to live longer. It is called "heart in the box." They doctor who discovered this way says it keeps the heart beating until it reaches it destination.
DeleteHere is the source for more: https://www.wfyi.org/news/articles/heart-in-a-box-new-transportation-method-for-donor-hearts
1. How long would it take a person to bleed out if a major artery is cut?
ReplyDelete2. how does pocket valves and veins become less efficient with age?
3. For people who bruise easily does their hemoglobin break down slower? What happens for them to bruise easily?
4. Have pacemakers become more effect? and when were they created?
To answer your first question, bleeding to death can happen very fast, if it isn't stopped a person can die within 5 minutes. If injuries are severe then this time will be shortened. However, not every person who dies of blood loss occurs in minutes sometimes it can take days if there is a blood clotting problem or slow internal bleeding.
Deletehttps://www.healthline.com/health/bleeding-to-death#timeline
To answer your 1st question,
DeleteIt usually takes a matter of a few minutes to bleed out if a major artery is cut.
To answer your fourth question, the pacemaker was created in 1950 by John Hopps. Overtime the pace maker became a lot more advanced. The first pacemaker was known as a defibrillation machine. Then the first pacemaker that could be put in someone in 1958.
DeleteSource:
http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical-advances/timeline/cardiac-pacemakers/#:~:text=The%20first%20cardiac%20pacemaker%20was%20invented%20by%20a,mechanical%20or%20electrical%20stimulation%20to%20make%20it%20beat.
https://www.whoinventedit.net/who-invented-the-pacemaker.html#:~:text=The%20pacemaker%20was%20invented%20by%20the%20Canadian%20John,when%20he%20went%20to%20the%20National%20Research%20Council.
Second question, Aging may lead to damaged circulatory valves. Ageing induces thicker and less flexible valves. Inherent damage leads to a decrease in valvular function and further complications.
DeleteThird question, if some one bruises easily they simple have thin blood vessels that are susceptible to damage which causes internal bleeding ie (bruises).
DeleteHow can you be born with holes in your heart?
ReplyDeleteWho invented the blood pressure monitor?
Why can't blood capillaries to the lungs withstand high pressures?
For your second question,
DeleteA man named (hold on its a mouth full) Samuel Siegfried Karl Ritter von Basch invented this device in 1881. It's named a sphygmomanometer.
https://www.adctoday.com/learning-center/about-sphygmomanometers/history-sphygmomanometer
To answer the first question Ventricular septal defects happen during fetal heart development. The heart develops from a large tube, dividing into sections that will eventually become the walls and chambers. If there's a problem during this process, a hole can form in the ventricular septum.
Deletehttps://kidshealth.org/en/parents/vsd.html#:~:text=Ventricular%20septal%20defects%20happen%20during,form%20in%20the%20ventricular%20septum.
To answer your third question, a lot of the information I found said it would cause pulmonary hypertension. This is when the blood pressure near a persons lung is to high.
DeleteI am not sure if this completely answers your question, so if someone's wants to add if they find something better.
Here are the sources I found:
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/272115
https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure/pulmonary-hypertension-high-blood-pressure-in-the-heart-to-lung-system
1. What does pulsatile mean?
ReplyDelete2. Can someone explain systolic pressure? I am a bit confused.
3. What does plasma do for the blood cells?
To answer number 1 Pulsatile secretion is a biochemical phenomenon and is secreted in a burst-like or episodic manner rather than constantly.
DeleteTo answer your second question, systolic pressure means the pressure in the arteries due to heart contraction this contraction increases pressure just like squeezing a partially inflated balloon. The side where the air is increases in pressure, same idea with the circulatory system.
Delete3. Plasma carries nutrients, hormones, na+ to areas of the body that are in need of it through the blood.
DeleteTo further the previous response to your second question, systolic pressure is the peak pressure reached in the artery which pushes the walls of the artery outwards, widening the lumen and stretching elastic fibers in the wall, thus storing potential energy.
DeleteFor your third question,
ReplyDeletePlasma is the liquid that the blood cells are floating in for transport, along with other products like nutrients or waste.
1.How does the body clear/dispose blood-clots?
ReplyDelete2.What is the main cause of septicemia?
3.Can cells that make up the inner-most layer of arteries and veins regulate blood hydration? if so how?
4.How is blood introduced into the cardiovascular system from bone marrow?
1. Upon the activation of the enzyme plasmin, it dissolves fibrin meshes that make up blood clots.
Delete2. The main cause of septicemia is bacterial infections that enter the bloodstream.
https://www.bloodclot.org/can_blood_clots_dissolve_on_their_own#:~:text=In%20scenarios%20where%20blood%20clot,like%20structure%20of%20the%20clot.
In regards to your fourth question, bone marrow is the primary site of blood cell production. I couldn’t find a specific answer, but the newly produced blood cells (about 1% of body’s blood is made anew by the bone marrow each day) are suspended in plasma and enter the bloodstream that way.
Delete1. What was the initial public reception of William Harvey's discoveries regarding the circulation of blood?
ReplyDelete2. Are capillaries that deliver blood from arteries to different specific tissues differently structured in any way to the specific tissue?
3. What conditions would cause systolic pressure in arteries?
To answer your 3rd question,
DeleteAnemia, an overactive thyroid or adrenal gland, a malfunctioning aortic valve, kidney disease, and obstructive sleep apnea can cause systolic pressure in arteries.
https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/a-blood-pressure-problem-thats-isolated-in-name-only#:~:text=A%20variety%20of%20medical%20conditions,and%20even%20obstructive%20sleep%20apnea.
1. What are the effects of a heart murmur and how can it be fixed?
ReplyDelete2. When a pacemaker is used, Is there a consequence of the SA node triggering the contraction of the atria before sending a neuron impulse to the AV node?
3. Why is the pacemaker placed in the right atrium?
4. Is it dangerous for a person with a pacemaker to take epinephrine?
To answer your 4th question, a further risk to the cardiac patient is the ability of epinephrine to irritate cardiac pacemaker cells and cause dysrhythmias. Thus, the injudicious use of epinephrine can be harmful to a patient with cardiac disease.
DeleteTo answer your first question, Innocent murmurs do not need any specific treatment. They usually resolve on their own. If the murmurs are related to valve problems or abnormal blood flow within the heart chambers (abnormal flow is called a shunt), they need to be monitored with periodic checkups and diagnostic tests such as echocardiogram.
Delete1) How long can you live with a heart murmur?
ReplyDelete2) How can you tell the difference between atrial and ventricular fibrillation?
3)How rare is it to be born with a hole in your heart? and how is it treated?
For your 3rd question, to be born with a heart is called an atrial septal defect (ASD). This usually does not cause any problems and in some cases, if the hole is small enough, the defects will close during infancy or early childhood. As for its commonality, it is the most common congenial heart defect with around 2000 children being born with ASD per year.
DeleteSources:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-septal-defect/symptoms-causes/syc-20369715#:~:text=An%20atrial%20septal%20defect%20(ASD,during%20infancy%20or%20early%20childhood.
and
https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/health-information/atrial-septal-defect/
For your first question, it seems as though a heart murmur does not affect your life expectancy, and it usually goes away with age (in children especially).
Deletehttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-murmurs/symptoms-causes/syc-20373171#:~:text=While%20there's%20not%20much%20you,underlying%20condition%20causing%20them%20improves.
For your second question, atrial fibrillation occurs in the heart's atria (this is the upper two chambers), while ventricular occurs in the ventricles (lower two chambers). The difference between the two is that AFib causes an abnormal heart rate while VFib causes the heart to become unable to pump blood through the body. VFib is considered to be much more serious because it could lead to more severe problems like cardiac arrest.
Deletehttps://www.healthline.com/health/atrial-fibrillation-vs-ventricular-fibrillation#:~:text=Atrial%20fibrillation%20occurs%20in%20the,chambers%2C%20known%20as%20the%20ventricles.
1. What is the size comparisons for arteries, capillaries, and veins?
ReplyDelete2. What would happen if double circulation was interrupted? Is this even possible?
3. What are common heart diseases and what are they caused by? Can they be fixed?