DPBioY2 - 2020 - 6.1 Digestion and absorption
DPBioY2 - 2020 - 6.1 Digestion and absorption
2 marks for your questions
3 marks for your reply
3 marks for your reply
2 marks for submitting on time
DPBioY2 - 2020 - 9.3 Plant Growth
DPBioY2 - 9.3 Plant Growth 2 marks for your questions 3 marks for your reply 2 marks for submitting by July 16th, 2020
1. What is the biochemical steps of how Sodium is transported from the small intestine into the villi complexes.
ReplyDelete2. Is the epiglottis a muscle? Or is it controlled by muscles? Which portion of the nervous system controls the epiglottis, and is it considered to be involuntary?
3. When the pancreases produces insulin and glucagon, are the hormones transported through the bile ducts into the liver for processing and they introduced into the circulatory system, or are there other pathways to blood streams that aren't filtered through the liver initially?
For your second question, the epiglottis is made of cartilage and is further controlled by muscles that make up the system. Oblique arytenoids and transverse arytenoids control closing the epiglottis, and the posterior cricoarytenoids abduct the vocal folds to widen the epiglottis. The vagus nerve controls the epiglottis which is part of the autonomic nervous system, and therefore controls involuntary movements through the neck. Here are my sources:
Delete- https://www.pinterest.com/pin/31806741089027135/
- https://www.nature.com/gimo/contents/pt1/full/gimo36.html
- https://www.aans.org/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Vagus-Nerve-Stimulation#:~:text=The%20vagus%20nerve%20is%20one,lower%20part%20of%20the%20brain.
In regards to your first question, sodium is transported across these membranes by both passive diffusion and active transport. The environmental conditions on the membrane are electronegative which favors the passive transport of Na+. Some areas of the small intestine are more permeable than others; the most permeable is the duodenum and the lowest is the ileum. I couldn’t find any info on specific steps but the easy answer is concentration gradient across membranes.
DeleteTo answer your third question, I think when your pancreas releases insulin. it goes directly into your bloodstream to lower the blood sugar levels. But when it releases glucagon, it goes to the liver first where the extra sugar is stored. It then breaks that down and then releases it into the bloodstream.
DeleteHere is the source I used: https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/insulin-explained#:~:text=Low%20blood%20sugar%20prompts%20a%20different%20cluster%20of,day%20to%20keep%20your%20blood%20sugar%20levels%20steady.
1. How does insulin work with a diagnosis of diabetes?
ReplyDelete2. Are there synthetic ways to create all hormones and enzymes?
3. What is the equivalent in the large intestine to vili in the small intestine?
To answer your third question, the walls of the large intestines are made of the same tissue that is found in other parts of digestive tract but there are some distinguishing features. The mucosa has a large amount of goblet cells however it does not have any vili. The longitudinal muscle layer is also present same as the small intestine but it is incomplete.
Deletehttps://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/digestive/regions/intestine.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20the%20large,%2C%20although%20present%2C%20is%20incomplete.
To answer the second question, yes there is a way to create synthetic forms of hormones and enzymes especially with todays technology we are able to do it more proficiently and can be explored more.
Deletehttps://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/artificial-enzyme#:~:text=A%20number%20of%20catalytic%20molecularly,peroxidase%2C%20lipase%2C%20and%20phosphotriesterase.
To answer your 1st question,
DeleteInsulin resistance is a key indicator of type 2 diabetes.
When a body is functioning normally:
- The food you eat is broken down into blood sugar.
- Blood sugar enters your bloodstream, which signals the pancreas to release insulin.
- Insulin helps blood sugar enter the body’s cells so it can be used for energy.
- Insulin also signals the liver to store blood sugar for later use.
- Blood sugar enters cells, and levels in the bloodstream decrease, signaling insulin to decrease too.
- Lower insulin levels alert the liver to release stored blood sugar so energy is always available, even if you haven’t eaten for a while.
When your body isn't working normally:
- A lot of blood sugar enters the bloodstream.
- The pancreas pumps out more insulin to get blood sugar into cells.
- Over time, cells stop responding to all that insulin—they’ve become insulin resistant.
- The pancreas keeps making more insulin to try to make cells respond.
- Eventually, the pancreas can’t keep up, and blood sugar keeps rising.
1. Is the action of vomiting controlled by the brain or the enteric nervous system?
ReplyDelete2. How are harmful substances that pass through the epithelium transported to the liver?
3. How long does the digestion process usually take?
4. What is the (is there a)relationship between the digestion process and food allergies?
To answer number one, the action of vomiting is controlled by three mechanisms By nervous impulses from the stomach, intestinal tract, and other portions of the body, resulting in a reflexive activation; By stimulation from the higher brain centres; By the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) sending impulses.
DeleteUltimately it is controlled by the enteric nervous system but you can make your brain believe that you need to throw up and force yourself to vomit.
https://healthengine.com.au/info/nausea-and-vomiting-emesis#:~:text=The%20vomiting%20centre%20is%20predominantly,zone%20(CTZ)%20sending%20impulses.
The Physiology of Vomiting
http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/stomach/vomiting.html
For your 3rd question,
DeleteIt takes about 24-72 hours.
Within 6 to 8 hours, the food has moved its way through your stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Once in your large intestine, the partially digested contents of your meal can sit for more than a day while it’s broken down even more. The normal range for transit time includes the following: gastric emptying (2 to 5 hours), small bowel transit (2 to 6 hours), colonic transit (10 to 59 hours), and whole gut transit (10 to 73 hours).
https://www.healthline.com/health/how-long-does-it-take-to-digest-food
For your 2nd question,
DeleteHarmful/toxic substances that are absorbed in the ethithelial cells are absorbed into the capillaries and are transported with needed nutrients in the hepatic portal system. The hepatic portal system is a series of veins which carry blood from the capillaries of the s stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas to capillaries in the liver for filtration. From there, the liver filtrates out harmful and toxic substances.
Source:
https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/liver-gallbladder-and-hepatic-portal-system#1
For your 4th question,
DeleteFood allergies are a result of an immune system response. Proteins found in food are mistaken as a threat such as proteins found on the outside of a virus. The immune system responds through various chemicals being released, and it is these chemicals which cause the symptoms commonly seen in food allergies. Food allergies have a stronger relationship with the immune system and its genetic makeup. Immune system responses can occur throughout the entirety of the digestive track starting in the mouth and even the skin.
Source: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/food-allergy/#:~:text=Food%20allergies%20happen%20when%20the,symptoms%20of%20an%20allergic%20reaction.
1. If a harmful substance is ingested how does the body realize this and how does it react?
ReplyDelete2.Can synthetic organs be made and do they work? and do they only work for some organs or can they work for all organs?
3. If you get your gall bladder removed where does the bile get stored or is it immediately released into the small intestine?
To answer your 3rd question:
DeleteAfter surgery, bile flows from the liver (where it is made) through the common bile duct and into the small intestine. Because the gallbladder has been removed, the body can no longer store bile between meals. In most people, this has little or no effect on digestion.
https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hw106860
To answer your first question, it would be the immune system that protects the body from harmful substances by recognizing and reacting to antigens. There are different types of immunity reactions, which include innate immunity, acquired immunity, and passive immunity to name a few. Innate involves barriers that keep harmful substances out of your body, acquired develops by being exposed to different antigens, and involves antibodies that are produced in a body other than your own (infants have antibodies transferred from their mothers.)
DeleteIf you to know more about the different types of immune responses
https://my-ms.org/immune_response.htm#:~:text=The%20immune%20system%20protects%20the,viruses%2C%20fungi%2C%20or%20bacteria.
For your second question, synthetic organs can be made of different materials depending on its classification:
Delete- mechanical: made of inanimate polymers
- biomechanical: partially living cells, partially inanimate polymers
- biological: made of living cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6322143/
Not all organs can be artificially synthesized, however, some of the organs that have successfully been created are as follows: limbs, bladder, brain, ear, eye, heart, kidney, liver, lungs, ovaries, pancreas, red blood cells, testes, trachea, etc.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_organ
An extension to the answer of the first answer, immune systems have cells that contain protein receptors that when activated by antigens that initiate an immune response that trigger the production of antibodies. These antibodies slow down contaminates/invades for a process known as phagocytosis ( the engulfing of antigens by macrophages).
Delete1. Are there animals that have a different digestion process than us? If so what animals and what is the process like?
ReplyDelete2. Did the appendix have a role in the digestive system?
3. What causes stomach aches/nausea?
To answer your second question researchers have reached the conclusion that the appendix houses and protects the good bacteria in the gut. When you're affected by diarrhea or another illness that cleans out the intestines the good bacteria in the appendix can re populate the digestive system and ensure that you stay healthy. However, since hygiene has gotten better less of these good bacteria are needed which is why it can be seen as a useless organ.
Deletehttps://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/news/20071012/appendix-may-have-purpose#1
To answer number one, yes animals have developed a different digestion process than us one example is birds have evolved a digestive system that includes a gizzard where the food is crushed into smaller pieces. Also cows who need to repeatedly chew and breakdown their food
Deletehttps://www.progressivecattle.com/topics/feed-nutrition/a-cows-digestive-system-and-processes
For your third question,
DeleteAbdominal pain can occur in any organ in the digestive system, with their own symptoms and diagnoses. For the stomach specifically, indigestion, gas, and inflammation are the most popular causes. This website has a lot of in depth info :https://www.medicinenet.com/abdominal_pain/symptoms.htm
To further add on to the response to question 1, different animals have different digestive systems based on, through adaptation, what their diet is. For example, cows redigest their food multiple times and have methanogenic bacteria in their gut as a part of their process.
DeleteHow are the digestive juices made and what are they made from?
ReplyDeleteHow does the body tell if something is toxic?
Why is surface area important in the small intestine?
To answer your third question, surface area is important to maximize absorption rates. If the intestinal wall was purely flat, absorption would decrease. Due to the villi folds, surface area increases and offers biomolecules more entrance sites to access the epithelial complex. This allows for molecules such as glucose to enter the blood stream in a quicker manner to promote homeostasis.
DeleteFor your first question, digestive juices are synthesized from the vital organs in the digestive system:
Delete- salivary glands secrete salivary amylase to assist in breakdown of carbohydrates
- stomach produces acid (chyme) and proteases to first breakdown proteins
- liver produces bile (stored in gallbladder) to emulsify fats
- pancreas secretes: bicarbonate ions to neutralize stomach acid; lipase for fat digestion, amylase for carbs, and protease for proteins
- small intestine: intestinal juices secreted from Lieberkühn and immobilized to prevent movement
As for what they are made of, it can be anything from water, electrolytes, hydrochloric acid, enzymes, mucus, intrinsic factor, etc.
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/option-d-human-physiology/d2-digestion/digestive-juices.html
https://www.verywellhealth.com/whats-in-the-stomachs-gastric-juice-2507058#:~:text=Gastric%20juice%20is%20made%20up,stomach's%20pH%20to%20around%202.
To answer your second question, the body will react in different ways to let you know that there are toxins in body. Some of these are problems with digesting, gaining weight, bac breath.
DeleteSource: https://www.powerofpositivity.com/5-signs-trapped-toxins-body-detox/#:~:text=%205%20Signs%20You%20Have%20Toxins%20Trapped%20In,important%20for%20eliminating%20bad%20breath,%20just...%20More
To further add on to the answer to your second question, the body responds to toxins with an immune response. A toxin is any substance your body can’t use in a purposeful way and requires energy to remove. Fatigue is a common symptom as the body expends energy to remove toxins, for example.
DeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDelete1. What processes occur if someone were to ingest something poisonous?
ReplyDelete2. What is bile made of?
3. Why is pH important and how does it play into the process of digestion?
This comment has been removed by the author.
DeleteTo answer your 2nd question, Bile consists of ~95% water in which are dissolved a number of endogenous solid constituents including bile salts, bilirubin phospholipid, cholesterol, amino acids, steroids, enzymes, porphyrins, vitamins, and heavy metals etc..
Deletethis is haley
To answer your third question, The pH of our stomach is critical to the digestion of many nutrients and acts as the first line of defense against harmful bacteria and viruses. Which is why the stomach requires a very acidic pH of 1.5 to 2.5 to maintain digestive health.
DeleteIn regards to your First question, Poisons are easily absorbed into the blood stream when ingested although poisons have multiple side effects they usually prevent protein functionality which leads to mass cellular decay and failing organs. Some poisons can event inhibit oxygen absorption. Here's a video I watched: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqqWdaaTq7A&ab_channel=SciShow
Delete1) How does pH affect enzyme activity in digestion?
ReplyDelete2) What time of day is stomach acid the highest?
3) How does insulin travel from the pancreas to the liver?
to answer your third question, when blood sugar rises in the blood, insulin is released by the pancreas and travels through the blood. The insulin binds to receptor cells in the liver and receptor molecules on muscle cells, causing them to take in and store the excess glucose as glycogen .
DeleteFor your second question,
DeleteThis happens between 10 p.m. and 2 a.m.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/stomach-acid-secretion
For your first question,
DeleteEach enzyme works best at an optimal pH. That means if that optimal pH is held then the enzyme will work at its fastest rate, but if the pH is changed, the enzyme will work slower on not at all because it would be denatured.
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1834-rate-of-digestion
1. What happens in digestion to cause someone to have a gluten or dairy intolerance?
ReplyDelete2.What are some theories about the job of the appendix?
2. A theory about the job of the appendix is to store good bacteria to help the digestive system after having a "diarrheal illness." Source: https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-appendix#:~:text=The%20function%20of%20the%20appendix%20is%20unknown.%20One,of%20the%20appendix%20causes%20no%20observable%20health%20problems.
DeleteRegarding your first question, If your lactose intolerant you can't break down lactose, therefore it passes into the colon and becomes food for gut bacteria thus gases and byproducts are produced inducing discomfort.
DeleteWhat is the most critical digestive organ in absorption and how are its cells specialized?
ReplyDeleteWhat are the limitations to human digestion in regards to current diets?
What induces peptic ulcers? how are they treated?
1. The most critical digestive organ in absorption is the small intestine. It has epithelial cells that have microvilli on the side open to the inside of the intestine. The microvilli has actin filaments that provide structure and extend the plasma membrane so that there is more surface area for absorption.
Delete2. Processed foods are more common in current diets and the high amount of salts, saturated fats slow down the digestive system.
3. The most common causes of peptic ulcers are infection of bacteria H. Pylori and the long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen.
1. What digestive organs cannot be used for a transplant?
ReplyDelete2. How does pepsinogen become pepsin in the stomach? What is the function of pepsinogen on its own?
3. What is emulsification and the molecular composition of bile salt? Does it include sodium?