DPBioY2 - 2020 - 11.3 The kidney and osmoregulation
DPBioY2 - 2020 - 11.3 The kidney and osmoregulation
2 marks for your questions
3 marks for your reply
3 marks for your reply
2 marks for submitting on time
DPBioY2 - 2020 - 9.2 Phloem Transport
DPBioY2 - 9.2 Phloem Transport 2 marks for your questions 3 marks for your reply 2 marks for submitting by July 2nd, 2020
What is the difference between osmoreregulators and osmoconformers?
ReplyDeleteWhat are the names of the different sections of the gut?
Who discovered the function of kidneys?
What is the purpose of the Bowman's capsule?
1.Osmoregulators actively control salt concentrations despite the salt concentrations in the environment, Osmoconformers match their body osmolarity to their environment
DeleteTo answer your third question, Sir William Bowman discovered the function of the kidneys.
DeleteTo answer your last question, it makes up part of the filtration structure in the mammilian kidney system that creates urine by removing waster and extra substances from the blood. Bowman's capsule contains capillaries called glomerulus where waste is filtered from the blood.
Deletehttps://www.britannica.com/science/Bowmans-capsule
For your second question,
DeleteI'm assuming you are referring to the gut in insects? In this case, the foregut is responsible for storage and part of initial digestion. It consists of the esophagus, mouth, salivary glands, crop, and the proventricular. The midgut is responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption. It consists of the ectoperitrophic space, the Gastric Caecum, the Ventriculus, and the Endoperitrophic Space. The hindgut is responsible for fecal formation and product absorption. It consists of the Malphigiahn tubules, the ileum, colon, rectum, and anus.
Source: https://what-when-how.com/insects/digestive-system-insects/
1. What is the role of the loop of Henle and how does it function?
ReplyDelete2. What is Antidiuretic hormone's role in osmoregulation?
3. Why do some organisms excrete uric acid instead of urea?
For your second question,
DeleteAntidiuretic hormones control blood pressure going into the kidneys. It can be fluctuated based on different factors such as dehydration, which would mean more water would need to be saved and used again in the body via the blood stream, instead of being excreted out.
https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/anti-diuretic-hormone/
For your first question,
DeleteThe loop of Henle is used to gain back water and sodium chloride from urine. This article explains it really well, "The first segment of the loop, the thin descending limb, is permeable to water, and the liquid reaching the bend of the loop is much richer in salt and urea than the blood plasma is. As the liquid returns through the thin ascending limb, sodium chloride diffuses out of the tubule into the surrounding tissue, where its concentration is lower. In the third segment of the loop, the thick ascending limb, the tubule wall can, if necessary, effect further removal of salt, even against the concentration gradient, in an active-transport process requiring the expenditure of energy" (https://www.britannica.com/science/loop-of-Henle)
To answer your 3rd question,
DeleteProducing uric acid instead of urea is advantageous because it is less toxic and reduces water loss and the subsequent need for water.
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/41%3A_Osmotic_Regulation_and_the_Excretory_System/41.2%3A_Nitrogenous_Wastes/41.2B%3A_Nitrogenous_Waste_in_Birds_and_Reptiles%3A_Uric_Acid#:~:text=Producing%20uric%20acid%20instead%20of,the%20subsequent%20need%20for%20water.
1. It is a long U shaped tubule that conducts urine with the nephron of the kidney, this allows for production of urine that is far more concentrated than blood, limiting the amount of water needed as intake for survival .the loop of Henle is surrounded by tissue fluid which has a high concentration of ions in it. This causes water to move out of the descending limb by osmosis. This produces a more concentrated filtrate.
ReplyDeletehttps://www.mytutor.co.uk/answers/18380/A-Level/Biology/What-happens-to-the-filtrate-in-the-loop-of-Henle/
1. Who discovered the loop of Henle and how?
ReplyDelete2. how does the bowman capsule work?
3. what's the different functions between Kidneys and Malpighian Tubules?
For your first question,
DeleteThe loop of Henle was discovered by Jacob Henle while he was thoroughly researching renal tissue and noticed these loops in which he took great interest in and continued to look into them.
https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/14/10/2510/1806050
To answer your second question, the bowman capsule helps with the filtration of the blood. It is there to create space so filtrate can move into the nephron. Bowmans capsule structure also makes it so platelets and proteins are to big to move passed the Bowman capsule which helps separate the blood and the water and waste product.
DeleteSources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554474/#:~:text=Bowman's%20capsule%20surrounds%20the%20glomerular,to%20the%20proximal%20convoluted%20tubule
https://teaching.ncl.ac.uk/bms/wiki/index.php/Bowman%27s_capsule
To answer your third question,
DeleteInsects have Malpighian tubules which connects to the digestive system of the animal while mammals have a separate excretory system which is separate from the digestive system. The Malpighian tubes branch off from the intestinal tract and actively uptake nitrogenous wastes and water from the hemolymph (a circulating fluid system that is analogous to the blood system in mammals). The tubules then pass the nitrogenous wastes and water to combine with the digested food products. At the hindgut, Solutes, water, and salts and then reabsorbed into the hemolymph. Nitrogenous wastes (uric acid is produced in insects opposed to urea) and undigested food are excreted via the anus. In mammals, a separate excretory system from the digestive system is used. The kidneys act as blood filtration and water balancing system and removes metabolic wastes for excretion. Blood is filtered by nephrons which produce urine. urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureter. Then, it is excreted through the urinary system, as opposed to the anus in insects which use mallophagan tubules.
Source: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-11-animal-physiology/113-the-kidney-and-osmoregu/malpighian-tubules.html
1. What are some examples of osmoconformers?
ReplyDelete2. What happens when your internal solute concentration is incorrect?
3. How are kidney-stones formed?
Kidney stones form when your urine has more crystal-forming substances(calcium, oxalate and uric acid) than the fluid in your urine can dilute. Also your urine may lack substances that stops crystals from sticking and forming stones.
Deletehttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20355755#:~:text=Kidney%20stones%20form%20when%20your,for%20kidney%20stones%20to%20form.
To answer your third question, Kidney stones form when there is uric acid, calcium or oxalate in your urine. These substances are "crystal-forming" and the crystals will stick together, which creates the environment for them to be able to form. The kidney stones themselves are made of salts and minerals.
DeleteSource: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20355755#:~:text=Kidney%20stones%20form%20when%20your,for%20kidney%20stones%20to%20form.
In regards to your first question, some examples of osmoconformers include jellyfish, marine crabs, and lobsters.
Delete1. Explain the difference between the Renal Artery and Renal Vein
ReplyDelete2. What does glomerular filtrate do?
To answer your second question, glomerular filtration is the first step in making urine. Your kidneys will filter excess fluid and waste products out of your blood into the urine collecting tubules of the kidney, in order to be removed from the body.
Deletehttps://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-renal-system/a/renal-physiology-glomerular-filtration#:~:text=Glomerular%20filtration%20is%20the%20first,be%20eliminated%20from%20your%20body.
To answer your 1st question,
DeleteThe renal artery branches off from the lower part of the aorta and provides the blood supply to the kidneys. Renal veins take blood away from the kidneys into the inferior vena cava.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/the-kidneys/
1. What are some examples of animals who have long loops of henle?
ReplyDelete2. Does dehydration increase the chances of kidney stones forming? Why?
3. How do doctors match patients with donors for kidney transplants?
In regards to your first question, many desert animals have long loops of henle to make urine as concentrated as possible and limit salt and water loss.
DeleteIn regards to your third question, doctors mainly use blood type to match kidney donors to recipients. However, crossmatch and HLA tests are also done to confirm compatibility.
Delete2. Yes, dehydration is one of the causes for kidney stones because the less water that is present, increases mineral solute which then crystallizes and turns to kidney stones. ouch
Delete1. Why are there increased levels of mitochondria in the PCT?
ReplyDelete2. What is the cortex of the kidney made of?
3. How does blood flow throughout the kidney?
2. The renal cortex is made out of granular tissue because of its functioning unit, the nephron.
Delete3. Blood is supplied by the renal artery, which branches into the capillaries and leaves through the renal vein
Delete1. What travels between fenestrations in capillaries?
ReplyDelete2. What is the countercurrent multiple system?
3. How does a dialysis machine function?
To answer your third question, One needle will slowly remove blood and transfer it to a machine called a dialyser or dialysis machine. The dialysis machine is made up of a series of membranes that act as filters and a special liquid called dialysate. The membranes filter waste products from your blood, which are passed into the dialysate fluid.
DeleteTo answer your second question, Countercurrent multiplication in the kidneys is the process of using energy to generate an osmotic gradient that enables you to reabsorb water from the tubular fluid and produce concentrated urine.
Delete1) What is the purpose of the countercurrent multiplier system?
ReplyDelete2) What is the difference between the renal cortex and medulla?
3) How long does it take for a kidney stone to form?
To answer your third question, they don't form overnight. Kidney stones don't just appear out of nowhere.They can start to form in your kidneys for months, even years before you ever suspect anything or experience symptoms.
DeleteTo answer your 2nd question,
DeleteRenal cortex and renal medulla are two zones of the kidney. Since both renal cortex and renal medulla consist of different structures of the nephrons, both zones are considered to be involved in the filtration of blood. Renal cortex consists of glomeruli, Bowman’s capsules, and proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Therefore, renal cortex is involved in the filtration of blood. Renal medulla consists of loops of Henle and collecting tubules, which mainly reabsorb water. Thus, the main difference between renal cortex and renal medulla is their structure and function.
https://pediaa.com/difference-between-renal-cortex-and-renal-medulla/#:~:text=Renal%20cortex%20and%20renal%20medulla%20are%20two%20zones%20of%20the%20kidney.,-Since%20both%20renal&text=Therefore%2C%20renal%20cortex%20is%20involved,is%20their%20structure%20and%20function.