DPBioY2 - 2020 - 11.2 Movement
DPBioY2 - 2020 - 11.2 Movement
2 marks for your questions
3 marks for your reply
3 marks for your reply
2 marks for submitting on time
DPBioY2 - 2020 - 9.3 Plant Growth
DPBioY2 - 9.3 Plant Growth 2 marks for your questions 3 marks for your reply 2 marks for submitting by July 16th, 2020
1. What is the role of Calcium in muscle contraction and why is it required that it be pumped from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to facilitate muscle contraction?
ReplyDelete2. What is the process of myosin head "cocking" and how exactly does this allow the myosin head to swivel outwards?
3. Where exactly are motor neurons in contact with muscle? In each myofibril? Or is there a generalized input port that is then passed throughout the rest of the fibres?
3. "The area of the sarcolemma on the muscle fiber that interacts with the neuron is called the motor end plate." The synaptic terminal doesn't make contact with the motor end plate, just the calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm caused by a neural signal travels through the synaptic cleft. "Electrical signals travel along the neuron’s axon, which branches through the muscle and connects to individual muscle fibers." https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/neural-stimulation-of-muscle-contraction/
DeleteFor your second question,
DeleteATP will bind to the head of myosin and detach them. When ATP is hydrolyzed, it changes the shape of the binder myosin heads ("cocks" them) so that they can then bind to actin. This turning is a reaction to the energy created when ATP was broken into ADP and Pi. Then the heads will turn, which moves the actin and releases the ATP that was once attached.
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/muscle1.htm and student sheet
1. Can synovial fluid be removed and donated? Is there a disorder where synovial fluid might be lacking?
ReplyDelete2. What is the function of the myosin and actin filaments on a sacromere?
3.WHAT DOES THE ACTIN BINDING SITE BIND TO AND WHY?
To answer your 2nd question myosin will slide along actin in order to contract the muscle fiber, this process does require the usage of ATP.
Deletehttps://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-sliding-filament-theory-of-muscle-contraction-14567666/#:~:text=Within%20the%20sarcomere%2C%20myosin%20slides,calcium%2C%20troponin%2C%20and%20tropomyosin.
For your second question,
DeleteThe presence of myosin and actin filaments on the sarcomere are crucial in muscle contraction as they allow the sarcomere to shorten (contract) because of their binding together and use of ATP.
to answer number one, yes synovial fluid can be replaced and donated through cartilage. Yes there are disorders where synovial fluid can be lacking such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or gout. Bleeding disorder. Bacterial infection.
DeleteCan someone please clarify how muscles act as levers?
ReplyDeleteHow does actin "slide" over myosin in muscle contraction?
What are the different types of movement?
Does type of movement help classify species?
the different types of movement are abduction which is the movement away from the midline of the body. Extension which is straightening the joint and Flexion bending the joint
DeleteIn regards to classifying species through different types of movement, the three main categories that are looked at when classifying different movement styles are, walking animals, flying animals, and swimming animals. Animals will adapt their movement styles to their habitats.
Deletehttps://mikemurphysblog.wordpress.com/2013/10/28/a-classification-of-the-different-movements-of-animals/
To answer your 2nd question,
DeleteFor a muscle cell to contract, the sarcomere must shorten. However, thick and thin filaments—the components of sarcomeres—do not shorten. Instead, they slide by one another, causing the sarcomere to shorten while the filaments remain the same length. The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction was developed to fit the differences observed in the named bands on the sarcomere at different degrees of muscle contraction and relaxation. The mechanism of contraction is the binding of myosin to actin, forming cross-bridges that generate filament movement.
For more info:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/sliding-filament-model-of-contraction/
To answer your first question,
Deletemuscle, bone and joint act as a lever when they work together. The bone provides a spot for the muscle to anchor to and the joint allows for the movement to go in more then one or two ways. The muscle is apart of the lever because it carries and exerts the power in order to create the movement.
Here is a website that might word it better than I did:
ciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1924-what-levers-does-your-body-use#:~:text=Muscles%20and%20bones%20act%20together%20to%20form%20levers.&text=Mechanical%20advantage-,Levers%20can%20be%20used%20so%20that%20a%20small%20force%20can,effort%20forces%20to%20move%20loads.
What happens when the ball of your femur hits the rim of the hip?
ReplyDeletehow can osteoarthritis affect synovial fluid?
what is the function of myosin in sarcomere?
For your last question,
DeleteMyosin works with actin to cause the sarcomere to contract, thus contracting the muscle.
1st question:
DeleteWhen the ball of your femur hits the rim of the hip socket, it can damage the cartilage and labrum in the joint. These are tissues that cushion the bones in your hip socket. Because of this damage, you may feel pain as the tissues start to get small tears and degenerate. These tears can lead to osteoarthritis over time.
This comment has been removed by the author.
DeleteFor your second question, osteoarthritis causes synovial fluid to becomes less viscous, not as thick and will able to come into direct contact with sensory nerve cells found in the joint, which will lead to pain.
Deletehttps://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190814101644.htm#:~:text=During%20osteoarthritis%2C%20synovial%20fluid%20becomes,producing%20the%20sensation%20of%20pain.
1. What in the joints causes arthritis to develop? Why does it develop faster for some than others?
ReplyDelete2. Are there any more difference between the muscle fibers and normal cells aside from the size?
3. Do all mammals have similar joint types? What are other types of joints
1st question:
DeleteWhile there are many different types of arthritis, the two major categories are osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Each of these arthritis types have different causes. OA is most commonly the result of wear-and-tear to the joints. Use of the joints over time can contribute to the breakdown of protective cartilage in your joints. This causes bone to rub against bone. That feeling can be very painful and restrict movement. RA is when the body’s immune system attacks itself. Specifically the body attacks the membrane that surrounds the joint parts. This can result in inflamed or swollen joints, destruction of cartilage and bone, and ultimately pain. You may also experience other symptoms of inflammation, such as fever and loss of appetite. Sometimes, traumatic injury or an infection in the joints can advance the progression of arthritis. For example, reactive arthritis is a type of arthritis that can follow some infections. This includes sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia, fungal infections, and food-borne illnesses. When the body breaks down purines, a substance found in cells and foods, it forms uric acid. Some people have high levels of uric acid. When the body can’t get rid of it, the acid builds up and forms needle-like crystals in the joints. This causes extreme and sudden joint point, or a gout attack. Gout comes and goes, but if left untreated it can become chronic.
https://www.healthline.com/health/how-do-you-get-arthritis#causes
To answer your second question,
DeleteThe main differences I could find are the size of the cell and that the muscle fibres have multiple nuclei. I think the function is one of the major difference because the muscle fibres structure helps with movement.
Sources: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/types-of-muscle-tissue-and-fibers/
To answer part of your third question, a joint as a point where 2 bones connect. Others suggest it is a point where bones connect for the purpose of moving body parts. The three main types of joints in the human body are Synarthroses (immovable), Amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and Diarthroses (freely movable).
Delete1. What other antagonistic muscles are in the human body?
ReplyDelete2. How do you tear a muscle?
3. Structurally, how is the sarcoplasmic reticulum different from the endoplasmic reticulum?
Question 2,
DeleteTorn muscles can occur any time your muscle becomes strained or overstretched.
More examples of antagonistic muscles is Hamstrings and quadriceps, Gluteus Maximus and hip flexers. Here the website I used: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpkr82p/revision/4
DeleteTo answer your third question,This fundamental difference is indicative of their functions: The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes molecules, while the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium ions and pumps them out into the sarcoplasm when the muscle fiber is stimulated.
DeleteTo add on to your second question,
DeleteTensile force exerted on a muscle leads to excessive stretching of the muscle fibres as a result a tear may be formed close tot he muscle-tendon junction. More than 90% of all sports injuries are bruises or sprains. Lacerations are the least frequent. Muscle tears/sprains are most often seen in the superficial muscles which function by traversing two joints (quad muscles, ham string muscles, calf muscle)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4799202/
In regards to your second question, the most often cited antagonistic muscle pairs are quadriceps/hamstrings, biceps/triceps, shins/calves, pectorals/latissimus dorsi, and trapezius/deltoids.
Delete1. Is it rare to dislocate your elbow?
ReplyDelete2. What happens when your body does not have enough Myosin or Actin? Is this possible? Is it a disease that exists?
To answer your first question, a dislocated elbow isn't a rare injury, but about 10-25 percent of injuries to the elbow are dislocations. It happens to be the second most common joint dislocation, commonly occurring during sport-related activities.
DeleteFor your second question,
DeleteI didn't necessarily find the answer for when myosin/actin are deficient in quantity, but I did find a more common condition known as myosin storage myopathy. This condition causes muscle weakness that either doesn't worsen or worsens over time. What occurs is that protein clumps of myosin begin to build up within certain muscle fibers and prevent normal muscle contraction. Individuals may start walking later than usual, have issues climbing stairs, or difficulty lifting arms above shoulder level. \
Source: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/myosin-storage-myopathy/
1) What triggers the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
ReplyDelete2) How are actin filaments formed?
3) What happens when muscle tissue is damaged?
1. Within the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions are actively pumped to maintain a higher intracellular concentration when compared to outside of the SR. Muscle contraction is facilitated by the release of these calcium ions and their interactions with troponin and tropomyosin. Nerves stimulate the muscle membrane (sarcolemma) which similar to nerve, causes a wave of depolarization across the muscle. This wave of depolarization continues down the muscle and actually enters T-Tubules (structures of indentation in the muscle) and travels more inwards. Back to the nerves, they release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which bind to a post-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The inward flow of calcium from the channels to facilitate the synaptic clef activates ryanodine receptors to release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and facilitate muscle contraction.
DeleteIn regards to your second question, actin filaments are formed when many singular molecules of globular actin is polymerized.
DeleteIn regards to your third question, when muscle tissue is damaged, connective tissue grows and replaces the damaged muscle before it is repaired.
Delete1. What would a calcium deficiency cause, at a cellular level, in terms of muscle contraction?
ReplyDelete2. What are the main structural differences between muscle cells and other cells found in the body? How do these adaptations/features in muscle cells improve function?