DPBioY2 - 2020 - 5.3 & 5.4 Classification and Biodiversity & Cladistics
DPBioY2 - 2020 - 5.3 & 5.4 Classification and Biodiversity & Cladistics
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1. Why is it controversial that protists are classified in one kingdom?
ReplyDelete2. What features are looked to in defining class, order, and family?
3. What genes are commonly looked to for analysis in creating cladograms?
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DeleteQuestion 3, logically characteristics are evident to discern its like a sorting game. In the instance of scientific data, scientist separate entire genomes of organisms(each chromosome starting from one) and match it to the opposite strand of another organism from that they can count how many bonds didn't correspond the more links the more related the organisms are in theory.
DeleteQuestion 1, Protist are unique but their descendants are paraphyletic meaning crossover into other kingdoms thus the kingdom was not defined, and it lost credibility.
DeleteFor question 2, I think that when looking at something to define class, order and family it can be simply seen as the next specific category in describing an animal. When I googled it, a website just described as more specific than the previous level.
Deletehttps://biologydictionary.net/taxonomy/
1. Who was awarding with creating the concept behind cladistics?
ReplyDelete2. Will reclassification occur exponentially as we venture deeper into the aquatic sphere?
3. Is there a centralized resource that global scientists use to collectively cladogram, similar to the binomial system?
Question 1, The original methods used in cladistic analysis came from the work of the German entomologist Willi Hennig, he later published his findings in a book about insect classification and general taxonomy and his processes of universal classification.
Deletehttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Willi-Hennig
To answer your 3rd question, I don't necessarily think there is a centralized resource to collectively cladogram simply because they are diagrams that are used to demonstrate relationships between a number of species that is based on their clade and common ancestors. Currently the base or amino acid sequence is used to determine where evolution might have occurred. The binomial nomenclature is a system developed to keep everything the same since different countries could have chosen to have different names and systems for labeling species. However, animals of the same clade share the same base/amino acid sequence so there is not much room for differences there, everyone has the same code for the same animal; the genetic code itself could be that centralized resource.
DeleteIn regards to your second question, I infer that “reclassification” won’t necessarily occur at a substantially higher rate as we do more research into the aquatic sphere. Current methods of classification have proven to be more uniform than earlier methods and thus have largely eliminated the need for reclassification. While it is possible that paradigms surrounding our understanding of organisms could shift with more research into oceans, this seems unlikely.
Delete1.How do scientist discern if a trait is analogous or are there holes in the field of cladistics?
ReplyDelete2.Can scientist predict species and organisms before discovering the, physically, just like the periodic? or are cladistics just documentation of physical observation?
3.Are all cladiograms situational or can their data be compiled for a superior cladiogram that is universal? If so what is the method?
To answer your 2nd question, based on an article that I read debating whether scientist would be able to predict the future of evolution and the species that will be the result of it. One archaeologists wrote that it would be difficult to predict that humans would evolve or to even determine that there would have been vertebrates in the beginning. Mainly due to the fact that natural selection is unpredictable, there are random mutations or environmental changes. Based on this I would think it would be difficult to predict species since it would difficult to predict what kind of characteristics those species would have based on constantly changing factors.
Deletehttps://www.quantamagazine.org/can-scientists-predict-the-future-of-evolution-20140717/
In regards to your first question, there are holes in cladistics. However, scientists can use the fossil record and gene comparison to aid them in understanding if organisms have analogous or homologous structures. These tools help them to find evidence to establish a connection between the organisms, in terms of evolution.
DeleteFor your third question,
DeleteCladograms so far are largely situational and hypothetical because we don't have the means to put together the historical pieces of evolutionary history for every species. In this time, then, there can't be a concrete/universal cladogram. However, in the future with updated technology and a greater understanding of the many species and their evolutionary histories, we might be closer.
1. How many species have been reclassified over the years?
ReplyDelete2. What percentage of genetic similarity do species in the same clade have?
3. How do scientist know which specific genes to look at within organisms in order to determine if they belong to the same clade?
For the second question there is no exact percentage as it depends on the species you are looking at like for example Humans and Primates have 96% similarity. It mainly depends on what specific genes they are looking at and also physical traits as well
Deletehttps://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-advanced-concepts/section/10.44/
In regards to your third question, they largely compare the genetic code for making enzymes that serve the same function between animals.
DeleteFor your first question, I could not find an exact number of species that have been reclassified over the years, but I can come up with some examples:
Delete- giraffes
- flamingoes
- chimpanzee
- birds
What does each step in the hierarchy mean?
ReplyDeleteWho developed the system of Cladistics?
How are cladistics use as molecular clocks?
How is an organism reclassified?
To answer the second question Willi Hennig developed the system and was first organized in the 1960's.
DeleteTo answer your first question,
DeleteKingdom
The kingdom is the highest level of classification, which is divided into subgroups at various levels. There are 5 kingdoms in which the living organisms are classified, namely, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera.
Phylum
This is the next level of classification and is more specific than the kingdom. There are 35 phyla in kingdom Animalia. For Example – Porifera, Chordata, Arthropoda, etc.
Class
Class was the most general rank in the taxonomic hierarchy until phyla were not introduced. Kingdom Animalia includes 108 classes including class mammalia, reptilia, aves, etc. However, the classes used today are different from those proposed by Linnaeus and are not used frequently.
Order
Order is a more specific rank than class. The order constitutes one or more than one similar families. There are around 26 orders in class mammalia such as primates, carnivora, etc.
Family
This category of taxonomic hierarchy includes various genera that share a few similarities. For eg., the families in the order Carnivora include Canidae, Felidae, Ursidae, etc.
Genus
A group of similar species forms a genus. Some genera have only one species and is known as monotypic, whereas, some have more than one species and is known as polytypic. For eg., lion and tiger are placed under the genus Panthera.
Species
It is the lowest level of taxonomic hierarchy. There are about 8.7 million different species on earth. It refers to a group of organisms that are similar in shape, form, reproductive features. Species can be further divided into sub-species
https://byjus.com/biology/taxonomic-hierarchy/
To answer your third question,
DeleteCladistics can be a form of molecular clocks. Clades can be based off physical attributes or by DNA analysis, providing a more accurate representation. By using DNA analysis, divergence and forming clade groupings can act as a molecular clock with each branch length representing the time elapsed since divergence.
To answer your 3rd question,
Deletethe molecular clock is used in cladistics to see the change in the amino acid sequence and based off the number of differences in the sequence, it will tell you how long ago the species had differences and mutations from the common ancestor.
For your last question, "Taxonomists will reclassify groups of species when new evidence arises to compromise the traditional classification scheme".
Deletesource: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-5-evolution-and-biodi/53-classification-of-biodiv/classification.html
1. What did the 19 who voted against the binomial naming system want the system to be?
ReplyDelete2. When did the two domains change from eukaryotic and prokaryotic to break down into eubacteria and archaea?
3. Why is it called a clade?
To answer your third question,
DeleteThe term "Clade" originates from the Greek word "Klados" which translates to branch. A clade is a branch on the tree of life, and the node represents the place of divergence of that branch.
For your second question,
DeleteGenealogical and evolutionary trees show the relationships between these organisms based on common a ancestor. In 1990, Carl Woese and colleagues proposed that the two domains change from Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic to also including Eubacteria and Archaea.
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Delete1. Is there any other type of classification besides Natural classification?
ReplyDelete2. Is vertebrate and invertebrate the phyla?
3. How do you know if a structure of a species is analogous or homologous?
For your second question,
DeleteVertebrates and invertebrates do make up the phyla. For example, the phylum Chordata is for vertebrates, while other phyla is for invertebrates.
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-advanced-concepts/section/15.2/
For your first question,
DeleteYes there is. Another type is called artificial classification. According to the textbook, this is defined as "arbitrarily selecting unifying characteristics first, and then grouping organisms accordingly".
To answer your third question, Similar traits can be either homologous or analogous. Homologous structures share a similar embryonic origin; analogous organs have a similar function. For example, the bones in the front flipper of a whale are homologous to the bones in the human arm. These structures are not analogous.
Delete1. Are the differences between the taxa specific for every organism / clade?
ReplyDelete2. What is the equivalent of the taxonomy to non-living things?
3. Are there any organisms that have their own genus and species?
4. (Follow up to question 3) Are there any genus and species that are the same? Like the same exact organisms and traits?
To answer the second question, there are solids, liquids and gasses. That is how you classify non living organisms
DeleteTo answer your first question,
DeleteYes every taxa of a species is specific so that species can be easily distinguished and reduce chances for wrongful witnesses of mixing a member of a species with another.
To answer your third question kind of, a number of animal species have the same name for both genus and species, which creates a scientific name known as a tautonym. Moderately well-known examples of tautonyms are those for the wolverine, the red fox , and the moose.
DeleteTo answer your fourth question, there would only be animals of the exact same genus and species if they are directly related. For instance, a Gorilla gorilla is the same as a Gorilla gorilla because they are the same animal.
Delete1. Are there Dichotomous keys for bacteria or micro-organisms?
ReplyDelete2. How many organisms have changed classifications thanks to modern technology? any examples?
3. who came up with the system for naming organisms in regards to binomial Nomenclature?
To answer your first question,
DeleteYes, they do use dichotomous keys for bacteria and micro-organisms. I think they use them for any organism.
Website used: https://creately.com/blog/diagrams/what-is-a-dichotomous-key/#:~:text=Students%20and%20professionals%20use%20the%20dichotomous%20key%20to,in%20biology%20as%20it%20simplifies%20identifying%20unknown%20organisms.
To answer your third question,
DeleteA botanist named, Carolus Linnaeus.
Here is a Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carolus-Linnaeus
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ReplyDelete1. What are some examples of homologous organs?
ReplyDelete2. What are the characteristics on the side of a Cladogram called?
3. How has modern technology affected the way organisms are classified?
To answer your second question, Symplesiomorphy is a characteristic that all organisms on a cladogram possess. Synapomorphy is a characteristic that only a specific group, descended from a common ancestor, possess. And Homoplasy is a shared character that is shared through convergent evolution, not common decent.
Delete