1. What is the mechanism behind germinating seeds requiring water to activate them? 2. What factors determine if a plant is a SDP or LDP? Is it based purely on environment and certain animals availability to pollinate during certain times of the year? 3. What is the role of the Stamen in contrast to the Ovary?
To answer your third question, the stamen is the male reproductive part of the plant. This part of the plant helps produce the pollen needed for the plant. The Ovary holds a structure called a gametophyte. This is the structure that would be considered the egg of the plant within the Ovules. Here are the websites I used to get this information: https://sciencing.com/role-ovaries-ovules-flowering-plants-7192416.html https://biologydictionary.net/stamen/
For your first question, The micropyle absorbs water(imbibition) and activates gibberelin hormone to be released from storage. Then the gibberellin hormones move to the aleurone layer (surrounds endosperm). The aleurone layer is triggered by the presence of the gibberellin hormone to release hydrolytic enzymes to digest the endosperm, and amylase enzymes to break down the starch into glucose that was inside the endosperm. Once all the glucose is available due to the breakdown of the endosperm, it can be used as energy to grow the plant. Also, once the water is absorbed, the testa becomes soft and allows the radicle to break through it and grow.
For your second question, The only factor that classifies plants as SDP or LDP is photoperiodism.
There is more about photoperiodism, here: https://homeguides.sfgate.com/difference-between-shortday-longday-plants-67267.html#:~:text=A%20plant's%20classification%20as%20a,few%20days%20of%20one%20another.
Joelle Zipp: 1. How does the shoot apex change the plants gene expression? 2. What type of plants don't have both parts of reproduction? 3. How does the red light play a role in the conversion of phytochrome Red and phytochrome far-red?
To answer your second question plants that do not have perfect flowers (has both the pistil and stamen) are imperfect flowers and are classified into 2 types of categories monoecious or dioecious. Monoecious plants have seperate male and female flowers on the same plant, examples are corn and pecan. Dioecious plants have seperate male and female plants, examples are gingko and pistachio.
If you want to know more https://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/techniques/reproductive-plant-parts
To answer the first question, the shoot apex changes the gene expession when cells in the shoot change how they divide and differentiate due to changes in their gene expression, then the triggers for the changes in gene expression vary between plants but it is mainly day length.
1. How exactly does variation in wavelength of light and exposure to it affect the plant on a molecular level? 2. What is the difference between P(subscript R) and P(subscript FR) 3. By what methods are entire ecosystems protected? Are they successful? 4. What makes a seed "too old" to be viable and how exactly does this affect its ability to grow?
To answer your second question Pr is essentially the inactive form of phytochrome red while Pfr is the active form of phytochrome red. Since Pr is inactive it does not show phytochrome responses and gets converted into Pfr in the presence of red light (660-665 nm). Pfr is active so there will be a phytochrome response and it gets converted into Pr when in the presence of far red light (730-735nm).
To answer the third question, you can protect ecosystems by donating and reducing use of harmful things to the environment , yes these do sometimes work but it does take time. here are some helpful sources; https://sciencing.com/how-to-protect-the-ecosystem-12221148.html https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ocean/earthday.html
A seed becomes too "old" when it has been laid dormant for so long that it uses up all of its food storage (starch) from the cotelydon. If the food is used up then the seed either dies or luckily has enough strength to begin growing, but its germination rate will be lower.
First question, As we know plants have specific pigments for light absorption these pigment are adapted to capture certain wavelength ranging from 700nm-400nm in plants. If the plant is not adapted to absorb the a light wavelenght they can't preform photosynthesis or for example normal green leaved plants can absorb every light wavelength of the sun except green. On the molecular level the light phases though and can potentially be absorbed. Think of the pigments as a mesh or sifter the longer the wavelength the easier it is to catch.
Can someone explain how flowering works with long day and short day plants please? Is the flowering process different for plants that bloom at night? Why does the ovary produce a "fleshy fruit" around the embryo seed? Can cross pollinators have both male and female parts, or just one or the other? How do non-flowering plants reproduce? Where does the Cotelydon get its store of starch? Why does a seed go through a dormant period and what pulls the seed out of this period?
To answer your 5th question about nonflowering plants There are two main types, the gymnosperms and those that reproduce through spores. Gymnosperms still produce seeds, however, their seeds are different from angiosperms because they are not covered by anything (called naked seeds). Angiosperm seeds form inside the protective shell of the ovary. Plants that produce spores such as mosses and ferns do not produce seeds but instead make spores which typically can be found on the underside of the leaves. The spore will dry up and fall off the plant, it then gets carried away by the wind. If it gets exposed to a moist environment a new plant will be able to grow from the spore
For LDPs, flowers bloom during short nights (like summer nights) because during the night time Pfr is converted in Pr. LDPs don't want Pr, they want Pfr. So, during short nights less Pfr is converted, which results in critically high Pfr levels in the flower, causing the flowering hormone to be released.
For SDPs, flowers bloom during long nights (consequently short days)(like winter nights) because longer nights equal more Pfr being converted into Pr. SDPs want Pr, not Pfr. Therefore, during long nights there will be lots of Pr created, which causes the flowering hormone to be released
4th question, Cross-pollinated angiosperms usually have both male and female parts because cross-pollination means that pollen from one type of plant to the stigma of another type of plant. It just creates a variation of flower.
Dormancy of seeds is necessary in order to allow seeds to germinate during a time where resources, conditions, and interior developments are at their prime. Dormancy can happen through a multitude of environmental and organism-specific mechanisms to ensure that the seeds are activated during prime conditions to allow for the best hope of survival for the new plant.
Water- Almost all seeds require water and will remain dormant until water is available, but other factors within the seed can impact if water is received or not. This prevents a seed from activating during a time where water is not available and then the plant dying off. Once a seed starts the germination process, it cannot go back.
Embryo: In many cases, seed embryo's are not fully developed. While a developed exterior may be present, the internal embryo is not fully grown, thus preventing germination until a feasible time.
Chemicals on seed coat: Some seeds contain natural chemicals on the seed coat that prevents germination. Some may even have a waxy coating on the seed. This prevents the entering of water and allows seeds to stay dormant until satisfactory environmental conditions are present.
Hard Seed Coat- Some seeds have a hard exterior such as walnuts. The hard coat prevents water and other materials from entering allowing for a prolonged dormancy. Naturally, physical abrasion by soil and rocks will eventually form holes in the tough seed coat allowing water to enter and germination to commence.
In regards to your second question, all flowering of plants is triggered by the gene Apetala1, regardless of whether they bloom during the day or night.
For your third question, the ovary produces fruit to surround and protect the seeds that are developing from within and also to accomplish seed dispersal. http://www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/biol/1030/folkerts/fruitsandseeds.pdf
**Fleshy fruits are just fruits that are high in soft tissues. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fleshy%20fruit
1. What causes flowers to be either an LDP or SDP? 2. Where are phytochromes found in the leaf? 3. Are there are factors that affect gene expression in plants (like the photoperiod)?
To answer your first question, plants are either LDP or SDP based on whether or not the plant needs Pfr. If the plant needs Pfr then that is what activates the plants ability to grow and carry out an other processes needed. For some plants the Pfr is an inhibitor for the ability to grow and needs less of it making it a SDP. Here is my source if you would like to read more: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/plant-sensory-systems-and-responses/#:~:text=Pfr%20is%20the%20physiologically-active%20form%20of%20the%20protein%3B,Together%2C%20the%20two%20forms%20represent%20the%20phytochrome%20system.
To answer the second question, the phytochromes has been found in most of the organs of seed plants and free-sporing plants. It has also been found in green algae. https://science.jrank.org/pages/5305/Plant-Pigment-Phytochrome.html#:~:text=Plant%20Pigment-,Phytochrome,been%20found%20in%20green%20algae.
I could not find a lot of information on the actual location of phytocromes, just that they are found in the organs of plants.
Here's the website in case I missed anything: https://science.jrank.org/pages/5305/Plant-Pigment-Phytochrome.html#:~:text=Phytochrome%20is%20a%20blue%2Dgreen,been%20found%20in%20green%20algae.
In regards to your third question, gene expression in plants is largely influenced by introns in the genetic code, to a much larger extent than it is in humans (https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0212678).
Gene expression is also largely controlled by methylation of the genetic code (https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-9-438).
I couldn't find a direct resource to fully answer the scope of your question, but I would assume that gene expression in plants is affected by similar things as gene expression in any other eukaryote (to different extents).
Here is a resource with even more information about factors affecting gene expression: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/special-subjects/general-principles-of-medical-genetics/factors-affecting-gene-expression
1. How is it possible for plant cells in seeds to remain dormant to avoid germination? 2. Since germination requires warmth to maintain suitable conditions for metabolic enzymes, how do plants in extremely cold temperature survive to germinate? 3. What are gibberelin hormones and their function?
Seeds remain dormant through both simplistic and complex means in order to allow for germination during proper timing and conditions. Seeds can remain dormant through these methods:
Water- Almost all seeds require water and will remain dormant until water is available, however other factors within the seed can impact if water is received or not.
Embryo: In many cases, seed embryo's are not fully developed. While a developed exterior may be present, the internal embryo is not fully grown, thus preventing germination until a feasible time.
Chemicals on seed coat: Some seeds contain natural chemicals on the seed coat that prevents germination. Some may even have a waxy coating on the seed. This prevents the entering of water and allows seeds to stay dormant until satisfactory environmental conditions are present.
Hard Seed Coat- Some seeds have a hard exterior such as walnuts. The hard coat prevents water and other materials from entering allowing for a prolonged dormancy. Naturally, physical abrasion by soil and rocks will eventually form holes in the tough seed coat allowing water to enter and germination to commence.
Gibberelin hormones are hormones that regulate developmental processes of plants such as stem growth, germination, flower development, and more. One of the key things that were learned this unit is that gibberelin is essential in germination of starchy seeds. Gibberellin hormones are formed and transported in order to provoke the synthesis of the amylase enzyme. It is this amylase enzyme which hydrolyses stored starch in maltose, and further hydrolysis breaks the disaccharide into glucose. This glucose is used in the plant's cellular respiration in order to facilitate the energy needed for developmental processes.
In regards to your second question, I was able to find (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5130066/) that plants in cold environments have specific adaptations to help them survive the cold. Just like in any other climate, plants in the extreme cold germinate at peak temperatures for their environments. From there, they survive the environment with their adaptations regarding freezing resistance, fine-tuning of plant phenology, and plant stature.
1. How do aquatic plants reproduce? How are they pollinated? 2. Can all plants be forced to flower out of season or is it only specific species of plants? 3. Can a flower plant be manipulated from being a LDP to a SDP or vice versa?
I could not find anything saying that plants can be manipulated from an LDP to a SDP or vice versa, so I would conclude that this is not possible or has not been tested. However, there are day-neutral plants that flower regardless of night length.
To answer your first question, I found that there are 3 different ways that aquatic plants that are submerged underwater can reproduce asexually. These ways are, plantlets, runners and offsets. Plantlets grow on any part of the parent plant and will start to fall of once they have grown enough to live on its own. Runners grow off the base of the plant and will start to grow a plant identical to the parent plant. A offset grows on the main parts of the plant and when it has grown enough will become its own plant. Here is the website I used if you would like more information: https://www.ratemyfishtank.com/blog/tips-for-rooting-pruning-and-propagating-live-aquarium-plants - For plants that just sit on the top of the water use pollination and the wind, animals and insect help them with this process. This website said also that the plants under the water will reproduce by sending a gamete cell into the water and hoping it will land on another plant. Here is the website I used for this information: https://van.physics.illinois.edu/QA/listing.php?id=873#:~:text=There%20are%20two%20important%20ways%20that%20aquatic%20plants,the%20usual%20ways%2C%20by%20air%2C%20water%20or%20insects.
1. Why do different types of plants reproduce differently? 2. At what level of maturity do plants develop the stamen and/or the ovary? 3. What factors cause a species of plant to go extinct?
Second question, Plants vary when it comes to maturity most trees require 4 to 8 years on average while some can take centuries but there is evidence that suggest plants can sense the seasons by light photosepters so they can accurately flower on time. Although that idea seems highly possible ultimately hormone are responsible. Certain genes will get activated when a plant is strong enough to bear fruit or use valuable energy storage. That's why most farmers induce flowering because plants realize that fruit production is a serious drain so most plants that perennial wait a couple of years then go all out every so often such as citrus.
To answer your third question, some of the reasons plants go extinct include climate change, disease, loss of habitat, competition, lack of genetic diversity, other invasive species of plant, lack of food source, human activities that cause destruction, and pollution.
For more, visit the following websites: https://www.theconsciouschallenge.org/ecologicalfootprintbibleoverview/extinction-plants
To answer your third question most plant require specific growing conditions thus to ensure procreation and survival of their species they develop adaptations. Such as members of the pine species that require a fire to activate seed germination. This adaptation allows the seedlings to have a nutrient rich soil and it a precaution that ensure the seedling will have a chance to withstand the next fire because most dry forest go through phases. If fires are prevented because of urbanization the plants method of reproduction is now useless. some plants like orchids are hard to naturally produce because they rely and grow on trees that can be in potential risk of diseases so in some cases a disease that affects on plant can impact a whole niche. In part the factors that can cause a plant to go extinct are their environment, wildlife, and or their reliance of symbiotic relationships.
for your first question, different types of plants reproduce differently due to how theyve evolved. The way they reproduce depends on where they originated from. In order to survive better, they changed into thier best fit way of reproduction.
1.In your opinion what type of plant moncots or dicots are more superior in their means of reproduction and seed adaptations/development? 2.Whats an modern example of how a plant adapted for new seed dispersal opportunities? 3.How do plants increase their favor-ability to potential pollinators? 4.Can plants deliberately decrease competing plants offspring survival? 5.Can global warming affect plant flowering?
For your last question, global warming messes with the temperatures that plants grow in and sometimes throws off the average temperatures that are in season. The flowers that would bloom in certain seasons may not bloom at a normal rate because the temperatures mess up the seasonal cycles if that makes sense.
For your second question, sea bean seeds have adapted to disperse using ocean currents. Their vines grow along side rivers or coasts and when the pods are ripe, they open, letting the seeds fall into the water. They have adapted to have thick seed coats in order to keep salt water out and they have structures on the inside of them to keep them afloat, allowing them to drift for for hundreds of miles.
1. Are apical cells the only type of cell that can develop gene differentiation in plants? 2. Is phytochrome red produced equally regardless of day/night where far-red determines day length? 3. What is an alternative to pollination?
To answer your second question, yes. They are able to self-pollinate by transferring their pollen from their anther to either their own stigma or the stigma of another flower on the same plant.
To answer your third question, Forest fires are a natural and necessary part of the ecosystem. Even healthy forests contain dead trees and decaying plant matter; when a fire turns them to ashes, nutrients return to the soil instead of remaining captive in old vegetation helping future plants in their growth.
To answer your third question, Micropropagation is the practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce plants, using modern plant tissue culture methods. Micropropagation is used to multiply plants have been genetically modified or bred through conventional plant breeding methods. So basically its used to produce large numbers of identical plants from stock plants.
To answer your first question, Forest fires are a natural and necessary part of the ecosystem. Even healthy forests contain dead trees and decaying plant matter; when a fire turns them to ashes, nutrients return to the soil instead of remaining captive in old vegetation helping future plants in their growth.
To answer your second question the double fertilization process involves the joining of a female gametophyte (megagametophyte, also called the embryo sac) with two male gametes (sperm).
I apologize for the late response 1) How are non starchy seeds germinated? 2) How does the shoot apex change the plants gene expression? 3) What exactly are gibberelins?
I apologize for the late response as well 1. How does the cotyledon know when to release food? 2. Can someone explain phytochromes to me better? 3. What are filaments made out of?
1. What is the mechanism behind germinating seeds requiring water to activate them?
ReplyDelete2. What factors determine if a plant is a SDP or LDP? Is it based purely on environment and certain animals availability to pollinate during certain times of the year?
3. What is the role of the Stamen in contrast to the Ovary?
To answer your third question,
Deletethe stamen is the male reproductive part of the plant. This part of the plant helps produce the pollen needed for the plant. The Ovary holds a structure called a gametophyte. This is the structure that would be considered the egg of the plant within the Ovules. Here are the websites I used to get this information:
https://sciencing.com/role-ovaries-ovules-flowering-plants-7192416.html
https://biologydictionary.net/stamen/
For your first question,
DeleteThe micropyle absorbs water(imbibition) and activates gibberelin hormone to be released from storage. Then the gibberellin hormones move to the aleurone layer (surrounds endosperm). The aleurone layer is triggered by the presence of the gibberellin hormone to release hydrolytic enzymes to digest the endosperm, and amylase enzymes to break down the starch into glucose that was inside the endosperm. Once all the glucose is available due to the breakdown of the endosperm, it can be used as energy to grow the plant. Also, once the water is absorbed, the testa becomes soft and allows the radicle to break through it and grow.
https://biologydictionary.net/gibberellin/
https://iowaagliteracy.wordpress.com/2018/05/04/science-101-germination/
For your second question,
DeleteThe only factor that classifies plants as SDP or LDP is photoperiodism.
There is more about photoperiodism, here:
https://homeguides.sfgate.com/difference-between-shortday-longday-plants-67267.html#:~:text=A%20plant's%20classification%20as%20a,few%20days%20of%20one%20another.
Joelle Zipp:
ReplyDelete1. How does the shoot apex change the plants gene expression?
2. What type of plants don't have both parts of reproduction?
3. How does the red light play a role in the conversion of phytochrome Red and phytochrome far-red?
To answer your second question plants that do not have perfect flowers (has both the pistil and stamen) are imperfect flowers and are classified into 2 types of categories monoecious or dioecious. Monoecious plants have seperate male and female flowers on the same plant, examples are corn and pecan. Dioecious plants have seperate male and female plants, examples are gingko and pistachio.
DeleteIf you want to know more
https://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/techniques/reproductive-plant-parts
To answer the first question, the shoot apex changes the gene expession when cells in the shoot change how they divide and differentiate due to changes in their gene expression, then the triggers for the changes in gene expression vary between plants but it is mainly day length.
DeleteFor your third question, Pr absorbs the red light which is then immediately converted into Pfr; Pfr absorbs far-red light and is then converted to Pr.
Deletehttps://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/30%3A_Plant_Form_and_Physiology/30.7%3A_Plant_Sensory_Systems_and_Responses/30.7B%3A_The_Phytochrome_System_and_Red_Light_Response#:~:text=Pr%20absorbs%20red%20light%20(~,is%20immediately%20converted%20to%20Pfr.&text=Exposure%20to%20far%2Dred%20light,Figure%2030.7B.
1. How exactly does variation in wavelength of light and exposure to it affect the plant on a molecular level?
ReplyDelete2. What is the difference between P(subscript R) and P(subscript FR)
3. By what methods are entire ecosystems protected? Are they successful?
4. What makes a seed "too old" to be viable and how exactly does this affect its ability to grow?
To answer your second question
DeletePr is essentially the inactive form of phytochrome red while Pfr is the active form of phytochrome red. Since Pr is inactive it does not show phytochrome responses and gets converted into Pfr in the presence of red light (660-665 nm). Pfr is active so there will be a phytochrome response and it gets converted into Pr when in the presence of far red light (730-735nm).
https://www.majordifferences.com/2013/03/difference-between-pf-and-pfr-form.html
To answer the third question, you can protect ecosystems by donating and reducing use of harmful things to the environment , yes these do sometimes work but it does take time.
Deletehere are some helpful sources;
https://sciencing.com/how-to-protect-the-ecosystem-12221148.html
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ocean/earthday.html
For your last question,
DeleteA seed becomes too "old" when it has been laid dormant for so long that it uses up all of its food storage (starch) from the cotelydon. If the food is used up then the seed either dies or luckily has enough strength to begin growing, but its germination rate will be lower.
https://homeguides.sfgate.com/age-seed-affect-its-ability-germinate-69423.html
First question, As we know plants have specific pigments for light absorption these pigment are adapted to capture certain wavelength ranging from 700nm-400nm in plants. If the plant is not adapted to absorb the a light wavelenght they can't preform photosynthesis or for example normal green leaved plants can absorb every light wavelength of the sun except green. On the molecular level the light phases though and can potentially be absorbed. Think of the pigments as a mesh or sifter the longer the wavelength the easier it is to catch.
Deletehttps://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/physical/ocean-depths/light-ocean#:~:text=Longer%20wavelengths%20such%20as%20red,penetrates%20to%20a%20deeper%20depth.&text=Because%20of%20this%2C%20the%20higher,able%20to%20penetrate%20more%20deeply.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteCan someone explain how flowering works with long day and short day plants please?
ReplyDeleteIs the flowering process different for plants that bloom at night?
Why does the ovary produce a "fleshy fruit" around the embryo seed?
Can cross pollinators have both male and female parts, or just one or the other?
How do non-flowering plants reproduce?
Where does the Cotelydon get its store of starch?
Why does a seed go through a dormant period and what pulls the seed out of this period?
To answer your 5th question about nonflowering plants
DeleteThere are two main types, the gymnosperms and those that reproduce through spores. Gymnosperms still produce seeds, however, their seeds are different from angiosperms because they are not covered by anything (called naked seeds). Angiosperm seeds form inside the protective shell of the ovary. Plants that produce spores such as mosses and ferns do not produce seeds but instead make spores which typically can be found on the underside of the leaves. The spore will dry up and fall off the plant, it then gets carried away by the wind. If it gets exposed to a moist environment a new plant will be able to grow from the spore
https://sciencing.com/difference-between-flowering-nonflowering-plants-12000282.html
For your first question,
DeleteFor LDPs, flowers bloom during short nights (like summer nights) because during the night time Pfr is converted in Pr. LDPs don't want Pr, they want Pfr. So, during short nights less Pfr is converted, which results in critically high Pfr levels in the flower, causing the flowering hormone to be released.
For SDPs, flowers bloom during long nights (consequently short days)(like winter nights) because longer nights equal more Pfr being converted into Pr. SDPs want Pr, not Pfr. Therefore, during long nights there will be lots of Pr created, which causes the flowering hormone to be released
4th question,
DeleteCross-pollinated angiosperms usually have both male and female parts because cross-pollination means that pollen from one type of plant to the stigma of another type of plant. It just creates a variation of flower.
For your last question,
DeleteDormancy of seeds is necessary in order to allow seeds to germinate during a time where resources, conditions, and interior developments are at their prime. Dormancy can happen through a multitude of environmental and organism-specific mechanisms to ensure that the seeds are activated during prime conditions to allow for the best hope of survival for the new plant.
Water- Almost all seeds require water and will remain dormant until water is available, but other factors within the seed can impact if water is received or not. This prevents a seed from activating during a time where water is not available and then the plant dying off. Once a seed starts the germination process, it cannot go back.
Embryo: In many cases, seed embryo's are not fully developed. While a developed exterior may be present, the internal embryo is not fully grown, thus preventing germination until a feasible time.
Chemicals on seed coat: Some seeds contain natural chemicals on the seed coat that prevents germination. Some may even have a waxy coating on the seed. This prevents the entering of water and allows seeds to stay dormant until satisfactory environmental conditions are present.
Hard Seed Coat- Some seeds have a hard exterior such as walnuts. The hard coat prevents water and other materials from entering allowing for a prolonged dormancy. Naturally, physical abrasion by soil and rocks will eventually form holes in the tough seed coat allowing water to enter and germination to commence.
https://www.gardenfundamentals.com/seed-dormancy-explained/
In regards to your second question, all flowering of plants is triggered by the gene Apetala1, regardless of whether they bloom during the day or night.
DeleteSource: https://www.livescience.com/32529-how-do-flowers-know-when-to-bloom.html
For your fourth question, they can not have both male and female on one single flower.
DeleteFor your third question, the ovary produces fruit to surround and protect the seeds that are developing from within and also to accomplish seed dispersal.
Deletehttp://www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/biol/1030/folkerts/fruitsandseeds.pdf
**Fleshy fruits are just fruits that are high in soft tissues.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fleshy%20fruit
1. What causes flowers to be either an LDP or SDP?
ReplyDelete2. Where are phytochromes found in the leaf?
3. Are there are factors that affect gene expression in plants (like the photoperiod)?
To answer your first question,
Deleteplants are either LDP or SDP based on whether or not the plant needs Pfr. If the plant needs Pfr then that is what activates the plants ability to grow and carry out an other processes needed. For some plants the Pfr is an inhibitor for the ability to grow and needs less of it making it a SDP.
Here is my source if you would like to read more:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/plant-sensory-systems-and-responses/#:~:text=Pfr%20is%20the%20physiologically-active%20form%20of%20the%20protein%3B,Together%2C%20the%20two%20forms%20represent%20the%20phytochrome%20system.
To answer the second question, the phytochromes has been found in most of the organs of seed plants and free-sporing plants. It has also been found in green algae.
Deletehttps://science.jrank.org/pages/5305/Plant-Pigment-Phytochrome.html#:~:text=Plant%20Pigment-,Phytochrome,been%20found%20in%20green%20algae.
For your second question,
DeleteI could not find a lot of information on the actual location of phytocromes, just that they are found in the organs of plants.
Here's the website in case I missed anything:
https://science.jrank.org/pages/5305/Plant-Pigment-Phytochrome.html#:~:text=Phytochrome%20is%20a%20blue%2Dgreen,been%20found%20in%20green%20algae.
Oops sorry I didn't see this question had already been answered because my computer didn't refresh
DeleteIn regards to your third question, gene expression in plants is largely influenced by introns in the genetic code, to a much larger extent than it is in humans (https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0212678).
DeleteGene expression is also largely controlled by methylation of the genetic code (https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-9-438).
I couldn't find a direct resource to fully answer the scope of your question, but I would assume that gene expression in plants is affected by similar things as gene expression in any other eukaryote (to different extents).
Here is a resource with even more information about factors affecting gene expression: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/special-subjects/general-principles-of-medical-genetics/factors-affecting-gene-expression
1. How is it possible for plant cells in seeds to remain dormant to avoid germination?
ReplyDelete2. Since germination requires warmth to maintain suitable conditions for metabolic enzymes, how do plants in extremely cold temperature survive to germinate?
3. What are gibberelin hormones and their function?
For your first question,
DeleteSeeds remain dormant through both simplistic and complex means in order to allow for germination during proper timing and conditions. Seeds can remain dormant through these methods:
Water- Almost all seeds require water and will remain dormant until water is available, however other factors within the seed can impact if water is received or not.
Embryo: In many cases, seed embryo's are not fully developed. While a developed exterior may be present, the internal embryo is not fully grown, thus preventing germination until a feasible time.
Chemicals on seed coat: Some seeds contain natural chemicals on the seed coat that prevents germination. Some may even have a waxy coating on the seed. This prevents the entering of water and allows seeds to stay dormant until satisfactory environmental conditions are present.
Hard Seed Coat- Some seeds have a hard exterior such as walnuts. The hard coat prevents water and other materials from entering allowing for a prolonged dormancy. Naturally, physical abrasion by soil and rocks will eventually form holes in the tough seed coat allowing water to enter and germination to commence.
https://www.gardenfundamentals.com/seed-dormancy-explained/
For your third question,
DeleteGibberelin hormones are hormones that regulate developmental processes of plants such as stem growth, germination, flower development, and more. One of the key things that were learned this unit is that gibberelin is essential in germination of starchy seeds.
Gibberellin hormones are formed and transported in order to provoke the synthesis of the amylase enzyme. It is this amylase enzyme which hydrolyses stored starch in maltose, and further hydrolysis breaks the disaccharide into glucose. This glucose is used in the plant's cellular respiration in order to facilitate the energy needed for developmental processes.
Source: In class powerpoint
In regards to your second question, I was able to find (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5130066/) that plants in cold environments have specific adaptations to help them survive the cold. Just like in any other climate, plants in the extreme cold germinate at peak temperatures for their environments. From there, they survive the environment with their adaptations regarding freezing resistance, fine-tuning of plant phenology, and plant stature.
Delete1. How do aquatic plants reproduce? How are they pollinated?
ReplyDelete2. Can all plants be forced to flower out of season or is it only specific species of plants?
3. Can a flower plant be manipulated from being a LDP to a SDP or vice versa?
To answer your 2nd question,
DeleteYes, all flowering plants can be forced to flower out of season.
https://www.gardenguides.com/79433-force-plants-flower.html
For your last question,
DeleteI could not find anything saying that plants can be manipulated from an LDP to a SDP or vice versa, so I would conclude that this is not possible or has not been tested. However, there are day-neutral plants that flower regardless of night length.
https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/plant-growth-and-development/photoperiodism/
To answer your first question,
ReplyDeleteI found that there are 3 different ways that aquatic plants that are submerged underwater can reproduce asexually. These ways are, plantlets, runners and offsets. Plantlets grow on any part of the parent plant and will start to fall of once they have grown enough to live on its own. Runners grow off the base of the plant and will start to grow a plant identical to the parent plant. A offset grows on the main parts of the plant and when it has grown enough will become its own plant.
Here is the website I used if you would like more information:
https://www.ratemyfishtank.com/blog/tips-for-rooting-pruning-and-propagating-live-aquarium-plants
- For plants that just sit on the top of the water use pollination and the wind, animals and insect help them with this process. This website said also that the plants under the water will reproduce by sending a gamete cell into the water and hoping it will land on another plant.
Here is the website I used for this information:
https://van.physics.illinois.edu/QA/listing.php?id=873#:~:text=There%20are%20two%20important%20ways%20that%20aquatic%20plants,the%20usual%20ways%2C%20by%20air%2C%20water%20or%20insects.
1. Why do different types of plants reproduce differently?
ReplyDelete2. At what level of maturity do plants develop the stamen and/or the ovary?
3. What factors cause a species of plant to go extinct?
Second question, Plants vary when it comes to maturity most trees require 4 to 8 years on average while some can take centuries but there is evidence that suggest plants can sense the seasons by light photosepters so they can accurately flower on time. Although that idea seems highly possible ultimately hormone are responsible. Certain genes will get activated when a plant is strong enough to bear fruit or use valuable energy storage. That's why most farmers induce flowering because plants realize that fruit production is a serious drain so most plants that perennial wait a couple of years then go all out every so often such as citrus.
DeleteTo answer your third question, some of the reasons plants go extinct include climate change, disease, loss of habitat, competition, lack of genetic diversity, other invasive species of plant, lack of food source, human activities that cause destruction, and pollution.
DeleteFor more, visit the following websites:
https://www.theconsciouschallenge.org/ecologicalfootprintbibleoverview/extinction-plants
https://www.thoughtco.com/reasons-animals-go-extinct-3889931
To answer your third question most plant require specific growing conditions thus to ensure procreation and survival of their species they develop adaptations. Such as members of the pine species that require a fire to activate seed germination. This adaptation allows the seedlings to have a nutrient rich soil and it a precaution that ensure the seedling will have a chance to withstand the next fire because most dry forest go through phases. If fires are prevented because of urbanization the plants method of reproduction is now useless. some plants like orchids are hard to naturally produce because they rely and grow on trees that can be in potential risk of diseases so in some cases a disease that affects on plant can impact a whole niche. In part the factors that can cause a plant to go extinct are their environment, wildlife, and or their reliance of symbiotic relationships.
ReplyDeletefor your first question, different types of plants reproduce differently due to how theyve evolved. The way they reproduce depends on where they originated from. In order to survive better, they changed into thier best fit way of reproduction.
Delete1.In your opinion what type of plant moncots or dicots are more superior in their means of reproduction and seed adaptations/development?
ReplyDelete2.Whats an modern example of how a plant adapted for new seed dispersal opportunities?
3.How do plants increase their favor-ability to potential pollinators?
4.Can plants deliberately decrease competing plants offspring survival?
5.Can global warming affect plant flowering?
For your last question, global warming messes with the temperatures that plants grow in and sometimes throws off the average temperatures that are in season. The flowers that would bloom in certain seasons may not bloom at a normal rate because the temperatures mess up the seasonal cycles if that makes sense.
DeleteFor your second question, sea bean seeds have adapted to disperse using ocean currents. Their vines grow along side rivers or coasts and when the pods are ripe, they open, letting the seeds fall into the water. They have adapted to have thick seed coats in order to keep salt water out and they have structures on the inside of them to keep them afloat, allowing them to drift for for hundreds of miles.
Deletehttps://www.nku.edu/~whitsonma/Bio120LSite/Bio120LReviews/Bio120LPlantRev.html#:~:text=%3C%2D%2D%20Left%20%3A%20Sea%20bean,them%20buoyant%20enough%20to%20float.
1. Are apical cells the only type of cell that can develop gene differentiation in plants?
ReplyDelete2. Is phytochrome red produced equally regardless of day/night where far-red determines day length?
3. What is an alternative to pollination?
For your third question, there isnt exactly an alternative to polination but, we can artificially pollinate. This means animals or nature isnt used.
DeleteWhen it comes to daylight a plant takes in, does a plant change throughout the year in order to keep itself alive?
ReplyDeleteAre plants able to self pollinate without any help from pollinators?
When it comes to forest fires, do fires hurt more or help?
To answer your second question, yes. They are able to self-pollinate by transferring their pollen from their anther to either their own stigma or the stigma of another flower on the same plant.
Deletehttps://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/self-pollination-and-cross-pollination/
To answer your third question, Forest fires are a natural and necessary part of the ecosystem. Even healthy forests contain dead trees and decaying plant matter; when a fire turns them to ashes, nutrients return to the soil instead of remaining captive in old vegetation helping future plants in their growth.
DeleteAfter forest fires does it produce a better environment for plants?
ReplyDeletecan someone explain double fertilization?
what is micropropagation?
To answer your third question, Micropropagation is the practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce plants, using modern plant tissue culture methods. Micropropagation is used to multiply plants have been genetically modified or bred through conventional plant breeding methods. So basically its used to produce large numbers of identical plants from stock plants.
DeleteTo answer your first question, Forest fires are a natural and necessary part of the ecosystem. Even healthy forests contain dead trees and decaying plant matter; when a fire turns them to ashes, nutrients return to the soil instead of remaining captive in old vegetation helping future plants in their growth.
DeleteTo answer your second question the double fertilization process involves the joining of a female gametophyte (megagametophyte, also called the embryo sac) with two male gametes (sperm).
DeleteI apologize for the late response
ReplyDelete1) How are non starchy seeds germinated?
2) How does the shoot apex change the plants gene expression?
3) What exactly are gibberelins?
To answer your third question a gibberelin is any of a group of plant hormones that stimulate stem elongation, germination, and flowering.
DeleteI apologize for the late response as well
ReplyDelete1. How does the cotyledon know when to release food?
2. Can someone explain phytochromes to me better?
3. What are filaments made out of?